answered: The following questoins need to be answered in APA format al

  

The following questoins need to be answered in APA format along with citation. Thanks !
1. DM 1 and DKA
Diabetes Mellitus Type I
Mr. G. has had DM I (Type I) for 15 years. He has just been admitted to the hospital with severe pyelonephritis – a kidney infection.
Describe the pathophysiology of DM I. What is missing? What is the etiology? What early finding is consistent in ALL types of Diabetes Mellitus (Hint: what clinical sign defines DM and is seen first?)
2. Explain why urinary tract infections might be common in people with diabetes (Think: hyperglycemia).
Mr. G. has had the infection for a week and has developed ketoacidosis.
3. Explain how infection may lead to hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis in the DM I patient (Hint: stress hormone response).
Mr. G. is voiding large amounts of urine (polyuria). Explain the rationale for this polyuria. What will polyuria likely lead Mr. G. toward?
4. Describe three (3) signs of excessive fluid loss (consider skill assessment, vital signs, urine output, mucous membranes).
5.Describe the characteristics of Mr. G’s respirations that you would expect to observe while ketoacidosis is present. Include a rationale for your answer.
How would Mr. G’s low pH affect serum potassium levels? How might the change in potassium levels affect cardiac function?
6.Mr. G’s vision has deteriorated in the last few years. Explain how the pathophysiology of diabetes affects vision and other organs (consider retinopathy and cataract formation).
7.When Mr. G visits his nurse practitioner for a 6-month checkup, he always gets a urinalysis to assess for glucosuria and hypoalbuminuria (proteinuria). Explain the rationale for assessing for proteinuria in the diabetic patient. What are you looking for?