Hi, need to submit a 2000 words paper on the topic Contribution of Mitochondria to the Cellular Energy Budget and the Ethical Implications of Mitochondrial DNA.

  

Hi, need to submit a 2000 words paper on the topic Contribution of Mitochondria to the Cellular Energy Budget and the Ethical Implications of Mitochondrial DNA. The best sources of cellular energy are those rich in hydrocarbons due to the presence of hydrogen electrons, which are readily oxidized. The oxidized electrons provide the required energy. There are numerous organic compounds that can be oxidized, but glucose serves as the main fuel molecule for cells, hence the term glucose metabolism or glucose oxidation. The two terms are used interchangeably to refer to pathways involved in cellular respiration. Glucose is derived from photosynthesis. Examples of organic foods that are rich sources of energy include sugars, fats, and proteins. This is because the energy used in the synthesis of these food products is stored in chemical bonds holding the molecules (Karp 2009, p119).Cells release this energy through oxidation reactions. The term oxidation refers to a series of chemical reactions whereby electrons are transferred from one molecule to another. This transfer changes the energy content and its composition in acceptor and donor molecules. During these transfers, food molecules serve as the electron donor. In each oxidation process, products obtained are of lower energy content compared to the donor molecule involved in the initial steps of the pathway. On the other hand, electron acceptors get hold of the energy lost during oxidation reactions and keep it for future use (Starr & McMillan 2011, p.41).It is necessary to note that cells do not utilize oxidation energy immediately, but rather convert it into energy-rich molecules. These molecules include ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide). These molecules are responsible for providing the energy needed by the cell for various functions. ATP is the most crucial energy molecule in cellular respiration. It is made of an adenosine base, ribose sugar, and a phosphate chain. The key to ATP’s high energy storage capacity is the high-energy phosphate bond within the phosphate chain (Starr & McMillan 2011, p.57).