answered: Please respond on each discussion post. Responding to other

  

Please respond on each discussion post.
Responding to other students and/or faculty posts need to have at least 1 reference with in-text citation and be at least 5 sentences or approximately 75 words in length.
This is the question
Topic 3 DQ 1
Discuss how the concept of “health” has changed overtime. Discuss how the concept has evolved to include wellness, illness, and overall well-being. How has health promotion changed over time? Why is it important that nurses implement health promotion interventions based on evidence-based practice?
These are the posts.
1. Health has changed over time. Many years ago, diseases were very difficult to contain largely because of a lack of proper sanitation methods, including insufficient disinfection of drinking water and improper removal of human waste, health was viewed as being free from disease (Falkner, 2018). Nightingale is widely known for being able to decrease mortality rates in only 6 months during the Crimean War (1854-1856) by improving the nutrition and environment of the soldiers. The nursing profession was not at all what it is today. Over time nursing schools were developed along with science and research. Throughout time knowledge about illnesses was only obtained through trial and error, there was no way to use science and research as we do today. When these illnesses were unexplainable evil spirits were to blame. Evidence-based practice has been a great part of nursing in the last few years. This is the scientific research of nursing practices along with the preferences of the patients working together to improve patient outcomes. This has widened the nurses’ scope of practice as they are now seen as competent and have access to evidence-based research. The nurse is now qualified and knowledgeable about illnesses, disease prevention, risk potentials, and management of care (Mackey & Bassendowski, 2017).
-Paola
2. In the early 19 century, sanitary conditions were dilapidated and this saw a surge in contagious diseases that become hard to contain thus, during this era, health meant the state of being free from disease. Later, the definition changed to ‘’ability to remain a functional part of society’’ because diseases resulted in temporary or permanent disability and affected the normal basic functioning of an individual. It was in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that proper sanitation measures were enacted and vaccines were developed and administered thus making the diseases easier to treat and eradicate. With the formation of WHO IN 1948 that focused on health promotion and disease prevention, health was redefined to mean a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. (Falkner, 2018).
Health promotion focuses on promoting healthy living and preventing chronic health conditions rather than curing and has been made to include public health. Programs like Heathy People 2020 have been started to reduce fatality of disease and deaths. Federal agencies, health care facilities, and health care providers should use interventions established by evidence to improve health of the community. EBP in health promotion assist bring about changes that can affect patient outcomes such new education programs or new heath screens. (Falkner, 2018). Nightingale and her nurses, during the Crimean war, advocated and changed the sanitary conditions in which the wounded and ill soldiers were treated and saw an improvement in patients outcome .From the evidence of their practice, Nightingale was able to convince the government with proof to improve the sanitary conditions in the hospitals in London and that led to significant reduction of diseases and deaths. (Whitney, 2018).
-Regina
3. Throughout time the definition of health has changed many times. For example, during the Florence Nightingale era, health may have been considered being free of disease or infection. Nightingale recognized that for a person to be free of disease that a person must have pure water, pure air, efficient drainage, cleanliness, and proper light. Nightingale states that without these things in place that no house can be healthy. (Gilbert, 2020) This is also known as the health of houses or what we now may recognize as the environmental theory. However, currently a person may have a chronic medical condition and can still be considered healthy if they are complying with their medication regimen. For example, Magic Johnson has been living with HIV for many years, but he is managing to live what many may consider as a healthy lifestyle. HIV is no longer considered the death sentence that it once was and with the proper medication regimen people are living longer with this disease. Within the past century, more developed countries such as the United States, have experienced an enormous decline in mortality due to medical progress, preventative health, healthier lifestyles, and better living conditions. (Nigri, 2022) It is important for nurses to encourage a healthier lifestyle to prevent disease or reduce complications of disease. For instance, a patient with hypertension will be encouraged to reduce sodium in his diet, reduce fatty foods, smoking cessation, begin an exercise regimen, and comply with their medication regimen. Often a drastic change in diet and exercise has been made this may eliminate the need for medication altogether. Health promotion has also varied over the years. At one point in history, promoting health may have been preventing infection by handwashing, clean dressings, or clean air and water. Now health promotion encompasses all of the aforementioned factors in addition to eating a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and having regular wellness visits with a physician to prevent disease. The World Health Organization (WHO) focuses majorly on health promotion, and their definition of health includes factors such as physical, mental, and spiritual wellness. (Falkner, 2018) This definition is a more accurate representation of what health encompasses because it embodies a holistic approach. A person with a mental disorder who is suicidal would not be considered “well” or “healthy”. This individual would require extensive therapy and possible medication to begin the healing process. It is imperative that nurses use evidence-based practice (EBP) when implementing health promotion with their patients to reduce the risk of disease as well as complications from disease because EBP uses the most recent research to obtain the best patient outcomes.
-Thakka
4. The concept of “health” has changed over time. During the early 19th century, due to unsanitary conditions and the widespread of infections, health meant staying free from disease (Grand Canyon University [GCU], 2018). Later, as proper sanitation methods were put into place, health meant the ability to remain functional in society (GCU, 2018). During the 20th century with the invention of vaccinations and the eradication of many diseases, “health” evolved into a combination of factors surrounding physical, mental, and spiritual wellness (GCU, 2018). Health also entailed the prevention of disease. Today, the World Health Organization defines “health” as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”(2022, para. 1). They have also expanded “health” to be a “resource for living” (WHO, 2022, para. 2).
In addition, according to the illness wellness continuum, wellness or health can be viewed as a process moving between illness and being able to function at a high level (GCU, 2018 as cited in The Wellspring, n.d.). This model includes three important concepts: wellness is never static, illness and health are at the tip of the iceberg, while lifestyle and emotional wellbeing are underneath, and there’s interconnectedness where everyone is connected to humanity (Reference, 2020).
Health promotion aims to help decrease chronic illness in the United States through education, health lifestyles, ADL’s and self care (GCU, 2018 as cited in ANA, 2007). However, the World Health Organization views health promotion as the “process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health” (GCU, 2018 as cited in WHO, 2018b, para 1.). To achieve this, nurses must be familiar with social determinants of health and how they impact their patients’ health and ability to obtain resources such as healthy foods and access to care (GCU, 2018). The nurse must also address SDOH by equipping patients with necessary tools and resources that help patients obtain the basic necessities that empower them to take care of themselves (GCU, 2018). In this regard, health promotion addresses patients’ holistic needs.
It is important that nurses implement health promotion interventions based on evidence based practice to keep patients safe from harm.There are many “fad” diets or unsafe supplements that patients may try for weight loss for instance, but they are not always safe to use. This is one reason why nurses must use interventions that are safe but also have been shown to yield results.
-Aida
This is the question
Topic 3 DQ 2
Compare and contrast the three different levels of health promotion (primary, secondary, tertiary). Discuss how the levels of prevention help determine educational needs for a patient.
These are the posts.
5. There are three levels of disease prevention in health promotion i.e. primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. Primary prevention is about promoting health and addressing social and genetic risk factor in a n individual who is well with absence of a disease or injury. (Falkner, 2018).This is done by vaccination which gives one immunity and resistance to disease or injury in the event that it occurs, altering unhealthy or unsafe behaviors like smoking and excessive alcohol consumption and also by preventing exposures to hazards by using protective gears such us ear plugs , gloves, boots gowns etc. The preventative measures in this level can be active or passive i.e. involving individual participation or not respectively. Going to the clinic to get a hepatitis or pneumonia shot is active involvement whereas change in infant walker design to reduce walker – related injuries is a passive involvement. (Institute for Work & Health, 2015).
Secondary prevention focuses on screening to identify disease at its earliest to those at risk and early intervention to prevent the disease from progressing to cause irreversible damages. Nurses should educate patients on importance of regular screening because the goal in this level is to stop/slow the disease process. (Falkner, 2018).
In Tertiary prevention, disease/injury has occurred causing permanent damage. The focus of this level of prevention is to help the patient achieve some semblance of normalcy and acclimate back into their lives and society. At this point rehabilitation may be necessary. For instance a post stroke patient being admitted to a skilled nursing home to be able to be able to regain functionality. Nurses need to assess individuals to know which level of prevention would best suit them and then determine their educational needs and provide relevant education bases on the level of prevention applicable to the individual at that particular time. (Falkner, 2018).
-Reginalda
6. Health promotion is an important factor when it comes to treating patients. There are 3 different levels of health promotion which are primary, secondary, and tertiary. In primary prevention, the patient is disease free, and the healthcare professional’s goal is to prevent disease from occurring. Some examples of primary prevention are vaccinations, or committing to a healthy diet and exercise routine to prevent obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, etc. With secondary prevention, the disease has been detected and the healthcare professional’s goal is to prevent the disease from progressing further. Secondary prevention also deals with early detection of a disease by educating the patient about obtaining screenings or routine examinations to detect disease. Some examples would be annual pap smears, mammograms, or colon cancer screenings. Unfortunately, there are some instances where disease cannot be prevented, however once the disease process has begun it is the healthcare professional’s priority to prevent the disease process from having a life altering effect on the patient. (Perez, 2022) For example, a diabetic patient who has had an amputation must be taught how to adjust with his new way of life. The patient will require extensive physical therapy, occupational therapy, and may even require psychiatric therapy to cope mentally. This patient will also require assistive devices such as a cane, walker, or wheelchair, etc. to complete activities of daily living. The educational needs differ at each stage of prevention. For example, my paternal grandmother had colon cancer, which places my father at risk as well as myself and my brother. Primary prevention for my family would entail smoking cessation, eating a healthy diet, and starting an exercise regimen. Secondary prevention would include obtaining a colonoscopy procedure every 10 years, and a sigmoidoscopy every 5 years if there is a detection of fecal occult blood. (Loomans-Kropp, 2019) Lastly, if colon cancer has been detected, tertiary prevention would involve preventing the disease from having more damaging effects by having surgery to remove the cancer, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
-Thakka