answered: Hello, this id to respond to my peer discussion below. One o

  

Hello, this id to respond to my peer discussion below.
One of the main differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes is that type 1 is a genetic condition that often shows up earlier in life when you are an adolescent. Type 1 diabetes was once called juvenile diabetes. The reason why it is sometimes referred to as juvenile diabetes is because it usually develops in children, teens, and young adults. Type 2 diabetes on the other hand is mainly lifestyle related and develops over time. Although both type 1 and type 2 diabetes have many similarities, there are lots of differences to take into consideration as well. In patients who have type 1 diabetes, their body attacks the cells in the pancreas which means it cannot make any insulin. Symptoms appear much quicker in type 1 diabetics, and is managed by taking insulin to control blood sugar levels (The British Diabetic Association, 2022).
Patients who are diagnosed with type 1 diabetes means that their body is unable to make enough insulin or the insulin their body makes does not work properly. Weigh and ethnicity are some risk factors that can put patients at risk for developing type 2 diabetes. Symptoms typically appear slower and are easier to miss. Management of type 2 diabetes includes medication, exercise, diet, and sometimes insulin (The British Diabetic Association, 2022).
Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy in women who are not already diagnosed with diabetes. Gestational diabetes occurs when the woman’s body is unable to make enough insulin during pregnancy. During pregnancy, a women’s body makes more hormones and goes through many changes such as weight gain which can cause the body’s cells to use insulin less effectively (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2022).Gestational diabetes increases the risk of developing high blood pressure during pregnancy, and puts your baby at a higher risk of being 9 lbs. or more, pre-term, and developing type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes usually develops around the 24th week of pregnancy (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2022).
Preventing long-term complications with type 2 diabetes requires a comprehensive treatment plan. Achieving glycemic control includes diet, exercise, and drug therapy. Type 2 diabetes can be treated with both oral and injectable drugs. The drug I have chosen to discuss is, Metformin which is a Biguanide (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2017). The course of action with Metformin is that it decreases glucose production by the liver, and increases tissue response to insulin. Major adverse effects include GI symptoms, decreased appetite, nausea, diarrhea, and lactic acidosis (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2017).
Metformin lowers blood glucose levels and improves glucose tolerance in three ways. First, it inhibits glucose production in the liver. Second, it reduces the glucose absorption in the gut. Third, it sensitizes insulin receptors in the fat and skeletal muscles which increases glucose uptake (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2017).
Metformin is available in both immediate release (IR) tablets (500,850, and 1000mg) and in extended (ER) release tablets (500, 750, 1000mg). With IR tablets, the recommended dosage to start with is 500mg twice daily, taken in the morning and evening with meal’s, or 850mg twice daily, with a meal (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2017).
The maximum dosage is 850mg three times daily for adults and 2000mg/day for children 10-16 years old. For patients who take ER tablets, dosing is once daily with an evening meal because during this time absorption is enhanced. For patients who are not previously treated, the initial dose is 500mg a day. Maximal daily dosage is 2000mg (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2017).
Type 2 diabetes affects many of the body’s major organs. Potential complications of diabetes includes heart and blood vessel disease, neuropathy, kidney disease, eye damage, slow healing of cuts, sleep apnea, hearing impairment, and dementia (Mayo Clinic, 2022). Symptoms of hyperglycemia can include fatigue, polyuria, polydipsia, nausea, vomiting, sweet smelling breath, and rapid deep breathing (Mayo Clinic, 2022). For any patients on Metformin it is important to avoid foods high in trans and saturated fats, keep sodium intake under 2300 milligrams per day, avoid simple/refined carbs, keep fiber intake low, and avoid alcohol. Grapefruit should be avoided because it increases the accumulation of Metformin in the liver and causes an increase a lactic acid production (Hung et al., 2019).
References
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, March 2). Gestational Diabetes. Retrieved September 27, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/gestational.html
Hung, L. V. M., Moon, J. Y., Ryu, J. Y., & Cho, S. K. (2019, October). Nootkatone, an AMPK activator derived from grapefruit, inhibits KRAS downstream pathway and sensitizes non-small-cell lung cancer A549 cells to adriamycin. Phytomedicine, 63, 153000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2019.153000
Mayo Clinic. (2021, January 20). Type 2 diabetes – Symptoms and causes. Retrieved September 27, 2022, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20351193
Rosenthal, L. D., & Burchum, J. R. (2017, January 1). Lehne’s Pharmacotherapeutics for Advanced Practice Providers. Elsevier Gezondheidszorg.
The British Diabetic Association. (2022). Differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes UK. Retrieved September 27, 2022, from https://www.diabetes.org.uk/diabetes-the-basics/differences-between-type-1-and-type-2-diabetes#:%7E:text=The%20main%20difference%20between%20the,producing%20cells%20in%20your%20pancreas.