Solved by a verified expert:Grade: __ /27 points
Participate in the lab 5
study group before Sunday March 4 for an additional 8 points.
Your Name:
_______________________
Save your document as
“first_name last_name Lab 5.doc” and submit in assignment folder.
UMUC Biology 102
Lab5: Taxonomy
Experiment 1:
Classification of Objects (14 points)
Questions
1. Did you find that the items
grouped together as you worked down the flow chart had similar characteristics
in terms of their appearance? What about function?
2. Do you feel that the questions
asked were appropriate? What questions would you have asked? What objects would
be grouped together with your system?
3. Pick 10 household items (e.g.
spoon, book, paper clip, etc.) and design a taxonomic classification system to
categorize them, similar to the one in figure 15.2.
4. Can you devise a different
classification system for the objects used in this experiment that would
distinguish each in as many, or fewer steps?
Experiment 2:
Classification of Organisms (13 points)
Procedure
Table
2: Key Characteristics of some organisms
Organism
Kingdom
Defined Nucleus
Mobile
Cell Wall
Photosynthesis
Unicellular
E. coli
?
?
Protozoa
?
?
?
?
Mushroom
?
?
Sunflower
?
?
?
Bear
?
?
Questions
1. Did this series of questions
correctly organize each organism? Why or why not?
2. What additional questions would
you ask to further categorize the items within the kingdoms (hint: think about
other organisms in the kingdom and what makes them different than the examples
used here)?
3. Do you feel that the questions
asked were appropriate? What questions would you have asked?
The
below is all supplementary material.
Kingdoms
Lab 5
Taxonomy
56
Lab 5: Taxonomy
57
Introduction
Taxonomy is the classification (organization) of
organisms into related groups. Many individuals have
developed various systems to classify organisms. Since
we cannot go into all of them here, we will focus
on the most widely accepted, the Linnaean system.
Carolus Linnaeus classified organisms into two broad
kingdoms ? Plantae and Animalia. He also popularized
the use of binomial nomenclature where the first name
signifies the genus and the second
name signifies the species. This nomenclature utilizes
Latin because, at the time, it was a language
used by most of the scientific world.
The taxonomic classification of organisms is based on
structural and physiological similarities. Recently,
scientists have begun using the taxonomic classification
method to classify organisms based on
genetic information (phylogenetic similarities) rather
than structural information.
There is a continual increase in specificity as
organisms are classified into smaller and smaller categories
(Figure 1). In other words, the categories get smaller
in terms of the number of organisms that are
included, with the smallest widely accepted category
being “sub?species”.
It is important to remember that taxonomy is highly
dependent on biology, particularly anatomy and
physiology. In fact, one of many, but the most widely
accepted definition of a species is that its members
can interbreed and create viable offspring.
Under this definition; a lion and a tiger can interbreed
and produce offspring (liger), but since the liger
is sterile, lions and tigers are not considered the same
species. However, a Labrador Retriever and
Poodle can produce offspring that are not sterile (the
offspring is commonly called aLabradoodle).
Thus they are considered the same species.
Looking at Figure 1, imagine you are standing at the
bottom of a large tree with many branches. While
on the ground you can see the whole tree (the trunk,
large branches and small branches), but as you
begin to climb up the tree you can no longer see the
whole tree, only the smaller branches. It’s the
Concepts to explore:
??Taxonomy
??Linnaean system
??Binomial nomenclature
??Taxonomic vs. phylogenetic classifications
Lab 5: Taxonomy
58
same concept for classification. Starting at the
“bottom” (or the domain) many organisms are included,
but as you move “up” the classification system,
more are excluded and fewer remain.
As illustrated in Figure 1, the Linnaean system
classifies
organisms into sequential groups:
??Domain
??Kingdom
??Phylum
??Class
??Order
??Family
??Genus
??Species
Sub?species are used in some classifications and is
generally well accepted, but not always included in
the Linnaean system.
A useful tool to remembering the order of the Linnaean
classification system is developed by creating a
mnemonic phrase using the first letter of each
classification. For example,Daring
KidsPick
Cauliflower
OverFresh
GrownStrawberries
Robert Whittaker and others expanded the Linnean
system to three domains: Eukarya, Archaea,
and Bacteria; and six kingdoms: Archaea bacteria,
Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
This is the system commonly used in science today. Table
1 illustrates how you would classify a
human being and a red maple tree.
Table 1: Classification of humans
and a red maple tree
Example:Human Being Red Maple
Domain Eukarya Eukarya
Kingdom Animalia Plantae
Phylum Chordata Tracheophyta
Class Mammalia Angiospermae
Order Primates Sapindales
Family Hominidae Acerceae
Genus Homo Acer
Species Sapien Acer rubrum
Make your own mnemonic phrase:
_______________________________________
Figure 1: Taxonomy Tree
Lab 5: Taxonomy
59
Experiment 1: Classification of
common objects
In this exercise, we will take common objects and group
them into “taxonomic” categories.
Procedure
1. Spread the materials out on the table.
2. Use the flow chart (Figure 2 in the back of this lab)
to classify the objects. Simply answer the
questions for each object and place them in the proper
groups. Fill in all the boxes along the way.
If the box says “ok” in it, only one object fits in this
category. Next to that box, write the object
that is being described.
Questions
1. Did you find that the items grouped together as you
worked down the flow chart had similar characteristics
in terms of their appearance? What about function?
2. Do you feel that the questions asked were
appropriate? What questions would you have asked?
What objects would be grouped together with your system?
Materials
Pencil*
Permanent Marker
Marble
Bead (hole in the center)
Ruler
Straw
Washer
Hexagonal nut
Button
Figure 2 (flow chart) at the end of
the lab
*You must provide
Lab 5: Taxonomy
60
3. Pick 10 household items (e.g. spoon, book, paper
clip, etc.) and design a taxonomic classification
system to categorize them, similar to the one in Figure
2.
4. Can you devise a different classification system for
the objects used in this experiment that would
distinguish each in as many, or fewer steps?
Experiment 2: Classification of
organisms
In this exercise, we have provided key characteristics
for several organisms.
Organism Kingdom Defined Nucleus Mobile Cell Wall Photosynthesis
Unicellular
E. coli
Protozoa
Mushroom
Sunflower
Bear
Materials
Use Table 2 below as well as the “tree” (Figure 3)
attached at the end
of the lab.
Lab 5: Taxonomy
61
Table 2: Key characteristics of
some organisms
Procedure
1. Using the “tree” located at the back of this lab,
start at the base, take one organism at a time and
answer each question until the organism reaches the end
of a “branch”. Write the organisms name
in the green box.
2.After classification, fill in Table 2 with the correct
kingdom for each organism.
Questions
1. Did this series of questions correctly organize each
organism? Why or why not?
2. What additional questions would you ask to further
categorize the items within the kingdoms (hint:
think about other organisms in the kingdom and what
makes them different than the examples
used here)?
3. Do you feel that the questions asked were
appropriate? What questions would you have asked?
Lab 5: Taxonomy
62
Figure 2
Yes No
Yes No
Yes
Is the Object
Cylindrical or
Round?
Is there a hole
in the center of
the object?
Is the object
smooth on the
outside?
(no angles)?
Is the object
metal?
Is the object
longer than 5 cm?
Does the object
have more than one
hole?
Is the object used
for writing?
Is there permanent
ink on the object?
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Start
Ok
Ok
Ok Ok
Ok
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Ok
Ok
Ok Ok
Lab 5: Taxonomy
63
Figure 3
Defined Nucleus?
Mobile?
Cell Wall?
Performs
Photosynthesis?
Yes
Yes
Yes
Start
No
No
No
No
Yes
Kingdom: Bacteria
Kingdom: Fungi
Kingdom: Plant
Kingdom: Animal
Kingdom: Protist
Recent Comments