Solved by a verified expert:UMUC Biology 102/103
Lab 1: Introduction to Science
INSTRUCTIONS:
• On your
own and without assistance, complete this Lab 1 Answer Sheet electronically and
submit it via the Assignments Folder by the date listed in the Course Schedule (under
Syllabus).
• To
conduct your laboratory exercises, use the Laboratory Manual located under
Course Content. Read the introduction and the directions for each
exercise/experiment carefully before completing the exercises/experiments and
answering the questions.
• Save your
Lab 1 Answer Sheet in the following format:
LastName_Lab1 (e.g., Smith_Lab1).
• You
should submit your document as a Word (.doc or .docx) or Rich Text Format (.rtf)
file for best compatibility.
Exercise 1: Data Interpretation
Dissolved oxygen is oxygen that is trapped in a fluid, such
as water. Since many living organism requires oxygen to survive, it is a
necessary component of water systems such as streams, lakes and rivers in order
to support aquatic life. The dissolved oxygen is measured in units of ppm
(parts per million). Examine the data in Table 4 showing the amount of
dissolved oxygen present and the number of fish observed in the body of water
the sample was taken from; finally, answer the questions below.
Post-Lab Questions
1. What
patterns do you observe based on the information in Table 4?
2. Develop a
hypothesis relating to the amount of dissolved oxygen measured in the water
sample and the number of fish observed in the body of water.
3. What
would your experimental approach be to test this hypothesis?
4. What
would be the independent and dependent variables?
5. What
would be your control?
6. What type
of graph would be appropriate for this data set? Why?
7. Graph the
data from Table 4: Water Quality vs. Fish Population (found at the beginning of
this exercise).
8. Interpret
the data from the graph made in Question 7
Exercise 2: Experimental Variables
Determine the variables tested in the each of the following
experiments. If applicable, determine and identify any positive or negative
controls.
Observations
1. A study
is being done to test the effects of habitat space on the size of fish
populations. Different sized aquariums are set up with six goldfish in each
one. Over a period of six months, the fish are fed the same type and amount of
food. The aquariums are equally maintained and cleaned throughout the
experiment. The temperature of the water is kept constant. At the end of the
experiment the number of surviving fish is surveyed.
A. Independent
Variable:
B. Dependent
Variable:
C. Controlled
Variables/Constants:
D. Experimental
Controls/Control Groups:
2. To
determine if the type of agar affects bacterial growth, a scientist cultures E.
coli on four different types of agar. Five petri dishes are set up to collect
results:
? One with
nutrient agar and E. coli
? One with
mannitol-salt agar and E. coli
? One with
MacConkey agar and E. coli
? One with
LB agar and E. coli
? One with
nutrient agar but NO E. coli
All of the petri dishes received the same volume of agar,
and were the same shape and size. During the experiment, the temperature at
which the petri dishes were stored, and at the air quality remained the same.
After one week the amount of bacterial growth was measured.
A. Independent
Variable:
B. Dependent
Variable:
C. Controlled
Variables/Constants:
D. Experimental
Controls/Control Groups:
Exercise 3: Testable Observations
Determine which of the following observations (1-6) are
testable. For those that are testable answer the following questions:
Determine if the observation is qualitative or quantitative
Write a hypothesis and null hypothesis
What would be your experimental approach?
What are the dependent and independent variables?
What are your controls – both positive and negative?
How will you collect your data?
How will you present your data (charts, graphs, types)?
How will you analyze your data?
Observations
1. A plant
grows three inches faster per day when placed on a window sill than it does
when placed on a on a coffee table in the middle of the living room.
2. The
teller at the bank with brown hair and brown eyes is taller than the other
tellers.
3. When
Sally eats healthy foods, her blood pressure is 10 points lower than when she
eats unhealthy foods.
4. The
Italian restaurant across the street closes at 9 pm but the one two blocks away
closes at 10 pm.
5. For the
past two days, the clouds have come out at 3 pm and it has started raining at
3:15 pm.
6. George
did not sleep at all the night following the start of daylight savings.
Exercise 4: Conversion
For each of the following, convert each value into the
designated units.
1. 46,756,790
mg = _______ kg
2. 5.6 hours
= ________ seconds
3. 13.5 cm =
________ inches
4. 47 °C =
_______ °F
UMUC Biology 102/103
Lab 2: The Chemistry of Life
INSTRUCTIONS:
• On your
own and without assistance, complete this Lab 2 Answer Sheet electronically and
submit it via the Assignments Folder by the date listed in the Course Schedule
(under Syllabus).
• To
conduct your laboratory exercises, use the Laboratory Manual located under
Course Content. Read the introduction and the directions for each
exercise/experiment carefully before completing the exercises/experiments and
answering the questions.
• Save your
Lab 2 Answer Sheet in the following format:
LastName_Lab2 (e.g., Smith_Lab2).
• You
should submit your document as a Word (.doc or .docx) or Rich Text Format (.rtf)
file for best compatibility.
Pre-Lab Questions
1. Nitrogen
fixation is a natural process by which inert or unreactive forms of nitrogen
are transformed into usable nitrogen. Why is this process important to life?
2. Given
what you have learned about the hydrogen bonding shared between nucleic acids
in DNA, which pair is more stable under increasing heat: adenine and thymine,
or cytosine and guanine? Explain why.
3. Which of
the following is not an organic molecule; Methane (CH4), Fructose (C6H12O6),
Rosane (C20H36), or Ammonia (NH3)? How do you know?
Experiment 1: Testing for Proteins
Data Tables and Post-Lab Assessment
Table 1: A Priori Predictions
Sample Initial Color Final Color Is Protein Present?
1. Albumin Solution
2. Gelatin Solution
3. Glucose
4. Water
5. Unknown
Sample Initial Color Final Color Is Protein Present?
1. Albumin Solution
2. Gelatin Solution
3. Glucose
4. Water
5. Unknown
Table 2: Testing for Proteins Results
Take a picture of your results. Include a note with your
name and date on an index card in the picture. Insert picture here:
Post-Lab Questions
1. Write a
statement to explain the molecular composition of the unknown solution based on
the results obtained during testing with each reagent.
2. How did
your a priori predictions from Table 1 compare to your actual results in Table
2? If there were any inconsistencies, explain why this occurred.
3. Identify
the positive and negative controls used in this experiment. Explain how each of
these controls are used, and why they are necessary to validate the
experimental results.
4. Identify
two regions which proteins are vital components in the human body. Why are they
important to these regions?
5. Diet and
nutrition are closely linked to the study of biomolecules. Describe one method
by which you could monitor your food intake to ensure the cells in your body
have the materials necessary to function.
Experiment 2: Testing for Reducing Sugars
Data Tables and Post-Lab Assessment
Table 3: Testing for Reducing Sugars Results
Sample Initial Color Final Color
Reducing Sugar Present
1 – Potato
2 – Onion
3 – Glucose Solution
4 – Water
5 – Unknown
Take a picture of your results. Include a note with your
name and date on an index card in the picture. Insert picture here:
Post-Lab Questions
1. What can
you conclude about the molecular make-up of potatoes and onions based on the
two tests you performed? Why might these foods contain these substance(s)?
2. What
results would you expect if you tested ribose, a monosaccharide, with Benedict’s
solution? Biuret solution?
Experiment 3: What Household Substances are Acidic or Basic?
Data Tables and Post-Lab Assessment
Table 4: pH Values of Common Household Substances
Substance
pH Prediction
Test Strip Color and pH
Acetic Acid (Vinegar)
Sodium Bicarbonate Solution (Baking Soda)
Take a picture of your results. Include a note with your
name and date on an index card in the picture. Insert picture here:
Post-Lab Questions
1. What is
the purpose of determining the pH of the acetic acid and the sodium bicarbonate
solution before testing the other household substances?
2. Compare
and contrast acids and bases in terms of their H+ ion and OH- ion
concentrations.
3. Name two
acids and two bases you often use.
UMUC Biology 102/103
Lab 3: Cell Structure and Function
INSTRUCTIONS:
• On your
own and without assistance, complete this Lab 3 Answer Sheet electronically and
submit it via the Assignments Folder by the date listed in the Course Schedule
(under Syllabus).
• To
conduct your laboratory exercises, use the Laboratory Manual located under
Course Content. Read the introduction and the directions for each
exercise/experiment carefully before completing the exercises/experiments and
answering the questions.
• Save your
Lab 3 Answer Sheet in the following format:
LastName_Lab3 (e.g., Smith_Lab3).
• You
should submit your document as a Word (.doc or .docx) or Rich Text Format
(.rtf) file for best compatibility.
Pre-Lab Questions
1. Identify
the major similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cells.
2. Where is
the DNA housed in a prokaryotic cell? Where is it housed in a eukaryotic cell?
3. Identify
three structures which provide support and protection in a eukaryotic cell.?
Experiment 1: Cell Structure and Function
Post-Lab Questions
1. Label
each of the arrows in the following slide image:
2. What is
the difference between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
3. Would an
animal cell be able to survive without a mitochondria? Why or why not?
4. What
could you determine about a specimen if you observed a slide image showing the
specimen with a cell wall, but no nucleus or mitochondria?
5. Hypothesize
why parts of a plant, such as the leaves, are green, but other parts, such as
the roots, are not. Use scientific reasoning to support your hypothesis.?
Experiment 2: Osmosis – Direction and Concentration
Gradients
Data Tables and Post-Lab Assessment
Table 3: Sucrose Concentration vs. Tubing Permeability
Band Color Sucrose
% Initial Volume (mL) Final Volume (mL) Net Displacement (mL)
Yellow
Red
Blue
Green
Hypothesis:
Take a picture of your results. Include a note with your
name and date on an index card in the picture. Insert picture here:
Post-Lab Questions
1. For each
of the tubing pieces, identify whether the solution inside was hypotonic,
hypertonic, or isotonic in comparison to the beaker solution in which it was
placed
2. Which
tubing increased the most in volume? Explain why this happened.
3. What do
the results of this experiment this tell you about the relative tonicity
between the contents of the tubing and the solution in the beaker?
4. What
would happen if the tubing with the yellow band was placed in a beaker of
distilled water?
5. How are
excess salts that accumulate in cells transferred to the blood stream so they
can be removed from the body? Be sure to explain how this process works in
terms of tonicity.
6. If you
wanted water to flow out of a tubing piece filled with a 50% solution, what
would the minimum concentration of the beaker solution need to be? Explain your
answer using scientific evidence
7. How is
this experiment similar to the way a cell membrane works in the body? How is it
different? Be specific with your response.
UMUC Biology 102/103
Lab 4: Enzymes
INSTRUCTIONS:
• On your
own and without assistance, complete this Lab 4 Answer Sheet electronically and
submit it via the Assignments Folder by the date listed in the Course Schedule
(under Syllabus).
• To
conduct your laboratory exercises, use the Laboratory Manual located under
Course Content. Read the introduction and the directions for each
exercise/experiment carefully before completing the exercises/experiments and
answering the questions.
• Save your
Lab 4 Answer Sheet in the following format:
LastName_Lab4 (e.g., Smith_Lab4).
• You
should submit your document as a Word (.doc or .docx) or Rich Text Format
(.rtf) file for best compatibility.?
Pre-Lab Questions
1. How could
you test to see if an enzyme was completely saturated during an experiment?
2. List
three conditions that would alter the activity of an enzyme. Be specific with
your explanation.
3. Take a look
around your house and identify household products that work by means of an
enzyme. Name the products, and indicate how you know they work with an enzyme.?
Experiment 1: Enzymes In Food
Data Tables and Post-Lab Assessment
Table 1: Substance vs. Starch Presence
Substance
Resulting Color
Presence of Starch?
Is Amylase present?
Positive Control: Starch
Negative Control: _____
Student must select
Food Product: ______
Student must select
Food Product: ______
Student must select
Saliva
Take a picture of your results. Include a note with your
name and date on an index card in the picture. Insert picture here:
Post-Lab Questions
1. What were
your controls for this experiment? What did they demonstrate? Why was saliva
included in this experiment?
2. What is
the function of amylase? What does amylase do to starch?
3. Which of
the foods that you tested contained amylase? Which did not? What experimental
evidence supports your claim?
4. Saliva
does not contain amylase until babies are two months old. How could this affect
an infant’s digestive requirements?
5. There is
another digestive enzyme (other than salivary amylase) that is secreted by the
salivary glands. Research to determine what this enzyme is called. What
substrate does it act on? Where in the body does it become activated, and why?
6. Digestive
enzymes in the gut include proteases, which digest proteins. Why don’t these
enzymes digest the stomach and small intestine, which are partially composed of
protein?
Experiment 2: Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity
Data Tables and Post-Lab Assessment
Table 2: Balloon Circumference vs. Temperature
Tube Temperature
(°C) Balloon Circumference
(Uninflated; cm) Balloon
Circumference (Inflated; cm)
1 – (Cold)
2 – (RT)
3 – (Hot)
Take a picture of your results. Include a note with your
name and date on an index card in the picture. Insert picture here:
Post-Lab Questions
1. What
reaction is being catalyzed in this experiment?
2. What is
the name of the enzyme in this experiment? What is the substrate?
3. What is
the independent variable in this experiment? What is the dependent variable?
4. How does
the temperature affect enzyme function? Use evidence from your data to support
your answer
5. Draw a
graph of balloon diameter vs. temperature. What is the correlation?
6. Is there
a negative control in this experiment? If yes, identify the control. If no,
suggest how you could revise the experiment to include a negative control.
7. In
general, how would an increase in substrate alter enzyme activity? Draw a graph
to illustrate this relationship.
8. Design an
experiment to determine the optimal temperature for enzyme function, complete
with controls. Where would you find the enzymes for this experiment? What
substrate would you use?
UMUC Biology 102/103
Lab 5: Meiosis
INSTRUCTIONS:
• On your
own and without assistance, complete this Lab 5 Answer Sheet electronically and
submit it via the Assignments Folder by the date listed in the Course Schedule
(under Syllabus).
• To
conduct your laboratory exercises, use the Laboratory Manual located under
Course Content. Read the introduction and the directions for each
exercise/experiment carefully before completing the exercises/experiments and
answering the questions.
• Save your
Lab 5 Answer Sheet in the following format:
LastName_Lab5 (e.g., Smith_Lab5).
• You
should submit your document as a Word (.doc or .docx) or Rich Text Format (.rtf)
file for best compatibility.?
Pre-Lab Questions
1. Compare
and contrast mitosis and meiosis.
2. What
major event occurs during interphase?
Experiment 1: Following Chromosomal DNA Movement through
Meiosis
Data Tables and Post-Lab Assessment
Trial 1 – Meiotic Division Without Crossing Over Beads
Diagram:
Take pictures of your beads for each phase of meiosis I and
II without crossing over. Include notes with your name, date and meiotic stage
on index cards in the pictures. Please use the lowest resolution possible so
that your file does not become too large to submit.
Insert pictures here:
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase I
Cytokinesis
Trial 2 – Meiotic Division with Crossing Over Beads Diagram:
Take pictures of your beads for each phase of meiosis I and
II with crossing over. Include notes
with your name, date and meiotic stage on index cards in the pictures. Please use the lowest resolution possible so
that your file does not become too large to submit.
Insert pictures here:
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase I
Cytokinesis
Post-Lab Questions
1.What is the ploidy of the DNA at the end of meiosis I?
What about at the end of meiosis II?
2.How are meiosis I and meiosis II different?
3.Why do you use non-sister chromatids to demonstrate
crossing over?
4.What combinations of alleles could result from a crossover
between BD and bd chromosomes?
5.How many chromosomes were present when meiosis I started?
6.How many nuclei are present at the end of meiosis II? How
many chromosomes are in each?
7.Identify two ways that meiosis contributes to genetic
recombination.
8.Why is it necessary to reduce the number of chromosomes in
gametes, but not in other cells?
9.Blue whales have 44 chromosomes in every cell. Determine
how many chromosomes you would expect to find in the following:
i. Sperm
Cell:
ii. Egg
Cell:
iii. Daughter
Cell from Mitosis:
iv. Daughter
Cell from Meiosis II:
10. Research
and find a disease that is caused by chromosomal mutations. When does the
mutation occur? What chromosomes are affected? What are the consequences?
11. Diagram
what would happen if sexual reproduction took place for four generations using
diploid (2n) cells.
Experiment 2: The Importance of Cell Cycle Control
For each of the five abnormalities you find online, copy and
paste a picture of it (and be sure to cite the URL for the picture)—you will
not be photographing your own results for this section of lab, because you’re
doing your research online for the questions below.
Data Tables and Post-Lab Assessment
1. [paste in your online
picture and cite the URL]
2. [paste in your online
picture and cite the URL]
3. [paste in your
online picture and cite the URL]
4. [paste in your online
picture and cite the URL]
5. [paste in your online picture and cite the URL]
Post-Lab Questions
1. Record
your hypothesis from Step 1 in the Procedure section here.
2. What do
your results indicate about cell cycle control?
3. Suppose a
person developed a mutation in a somatic cell which diminishes the performance
of the body’s natural cell cycle control proteins. This mutation resulted in
cancer, but was effectively treated with a cocktail of cancer-fighting
techniques. Is it possible for this person’s future children to inherit this
cancer-causing mutation? Be specific when you explain why or why not.
4. Why do
cells which lack cell cycle control exhibit karyotypes which look physically
different than cells with normal cell cycle.
5. What are
HeLa cells? Why are HeLa cells appropriate for this experiment?
UMUC Biology 102/103
Lab 6: Taxonomy
INSTRUCTIONS:
• On your
own and without assistance, complete this Lab 6 Answer Sheet electronically and
submit it via the Assignments Folder by the date listed in the Course Schedule
(under Syllabus).
• To
conduct your laboratory exercises, use the Laboratory Manual located under
Course Content. Read the introduction and the directions for each
exercise/experiment carefully before completing the exercises/experiments and
answering the questions.
• Save your
Lab 6 Answer Sheet in the following format:
LastName_Lab6 (e.g., Smith_Lab6).
• You
should submit your document as a Word (.doc or .docx) or Rich Text Format (.rtf)
file for best compatibility.
Pre-Lab Questions
1. Use the
following classifications to determine which organism is least related out of
the three. Explain your rationale.
Table 2: Classifications
Classification Level American
Green Tree Frog European Fire-
Bellied Toad Eastern Newt
Domain Eukarya Eukarya Eukarya
Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia
Phylum Chordata Chordata Chordata
Class Amphibia Amphibia Amphibia
Order Anura Anura Caudata
Family Hylidae Bombinatoridae Salamandridae
Genus Tursipops Bombina Notophthalmus
Species cinerea bombina viridescens
2. How has
DNA sequencing affected the science of classifying organisms?
3. You are
on vacation and see an organism that you do not recognize. Discuss what
possible steps you can take to classify it.
Exercise 1: Dichotomous Key Practice
Table 3: Dichotomous Key Results
Organism Binomial
Name
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
viii
ix
x
xi
xii
xiii
Post-Lab Questions
1. What do
you notice about the options of each step as they go from number one up?
2. How does
your answer from Question 1 relate to the Linnaean classification system?
Exercise 2: Classification of Organisms
Data Tables and Post-Lab Assessment
Table 2: Key Characteristics of Some Organisms
Organism Kingdom
Domain Defined Nucleus Motile Cell Wall Photosynthesis Unicellular
E. coli
Yes Yes
Protozoa Yes Yes
Yes
Mushroom Yes Yes
Sunflower Yes Yes Yes
Bear Yes Yes
Figure 4: Exercise 2 – Classification of Organisms Flow
Chart
Post-Lab Questions
1. Did this
series of questions correctly organize each organism? Why or why not?
2. What
additional questions would you ask to further categorize the items within the
kingdoms (Hint: think about other organisms in each of the kingdoms and what
makes them different than the examples used here)?
3. What
questions would you have asked instead of the ones that you answered above when
classifying the organisms?
UMUC Biology 102/103
Lab 7: Ecological Interactions
INSTRUCTIONS:
• On your
own and without assistance, complete this Lab 7 Answer Sheet electronically and
submit it via the Assignments Folder by the date listed in the Course Schedule
(under Syllabus).
• To
conduct your laboratory exercises, use the Laboratory Manual located under
Course Content. Read the introduction and the directions for each
exercise/experiment carefully before completing the exercises/experiments and
answering the questions.
• Save your
Lab 7 Answer Sheet in the following format:
LastName_Lab7 (e.g., Smith_Lab7).
• You
should submit your document as a Word (.doc or .docx) or Rich Text Format (.rtf)
file for best compatibility.
Pre-Lab Questions
1. Would you
expect endangered species to be more frequently generalists or specialists?
Explain your answer.
2. How does
temperature affect water availability in an ecosystem?
3. Choose a
species and describe some adaptations that species developed that allow them to
survive in their native habitat.
Experiment 1: Effects of pH on Radish Seed Germination
Data Tables and Post-Lab Assessment
Table 1: pH and Radish Seed Germination
Stage/Day Observations Acetic
Acid Sodium Bicarbonate Water
Initial pH
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Take a picture of your results. Include a note with your
name and date on an index card in the picture. Insert picture here:
Post-Lab Questions
1. Compare
and construct a line graph based on the data from Table 1 in the space below.
Place the day on the x axis, and the number of seeds germinated on the y axis.
Be sure to include a title, label the x and y axes, and provide a legend
describing which line corresponds to each plate (e.g., blue = acetic acid, green
= sodium bicarbonate, etc…).
2. Was there
any noticeable effect on the germination rate of the radish seeds as a result
of the pH? Compare and contrast the growth rate for the control with the alkaline
and acidic solutions.
3. According
to your results would you say that the radish has a broad pH tolerance? Why or
why not? Use your data to support your answer.
4. Knowing
that acid rain has a pH of 2 – 3 would you conclude that crop species with a
narrow soil pH range are in trouble? Explain why, or why not, using scientific
reasoning. Is acid rain a problem for plant species and crops?
5. Research
and briefly describe a real world example about how acid rain affects plants. Be
sure to demonstrate how pH contributes to the outcome, and proposed solutions
(if any). Descriptions should be approximately 2 – 3 paragraphs. Include at
least three citations (use APA formatting).
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