Solved by a verified expert:Tissues, Organs, & Organ Systems:
Characteristics & Organization
Objectives
·
Review
the various types of animal tissues and determine their composition and
function.
·
Discuss
the organ systems, the organs that comprise them, and their functions.
Introduction
The
formation of an animal depends on a hierarchy of organization: individual cells
form specialized structures known as tissues; tissues form organs; organs form
organ systems; ultimately, multiple organ systems integrate and a complex
individual results. This lab begins with
tissues. Using an online resource, you
will investigate each of the four distinct tissue types. You’ll learn about
their specific composition and the diversity of their functions, which range
from forming the lining for body cavities to conveying electrical signals.
Organs
are the next level of organization beyond tissues in the organizational hierarchy
of the body. An organ is a
structure that contains at least two different types of tissue functioning
together for a common purpose. There are many different organs in the
body: the liver, kidneys, heart, even your skin is an organ. In fact, the
skin is the largest organ in the human body and provides us with an excellent
example for explanation purposes. The skin is composed of three layers:
the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer. The epidermis is the outermost layer of skin. It consists of
epithelial tissue in which the cells are tightly packed together providing a
barrier between the inside of the body and the outside world. Below the
epidermis lies a layer of connective tissue called the dermis. In addition to providing support for the skin, the
dermis has many other purposes. The dermis contains blood vessels that
nourish skin cells. It contains nerve tissue that provides feeling in the
skin. And it contains muscle tissue that is responsible for giving you
‘goosebumps’ when you get cold or frightened. The subcutaneous layer is beneath the dermis and consists mainly of a
type of connective tissue called adipose tissue. Adipose tissue is more
commonly known as fat and it helps cushion the skin and provide protection from
cold temperatures.
Organ systems are composed of two or more different
organs that work together to provide a common function. There are 10 major organ systems in the human
body.
Laboratory Activities
Exercise 1: An Investigation into Tissues
Protocol:
Link
to this website: http://bio.rutgers.edu/~gb102/lab_6/index.html.
Read the first page of “An Introduction to Animal Tissues” in its entirety.
Continue to the next page and carefully review the information included under
“Interpreting Sections.” Click on the links to the orange and hollow tube to
see how those sections could be interpreted. At the end of the Interpreting
Sections page, click on the “Skip Sections” arrow under the pictures, and you
will be taken to an outline that lists all the sections in this online lab. Investigate
as many sections as you wish – I encourage you to view the slides of the
various tissue types at different levels of magnification – but for the purpose
of this lab, in addition to the introductory and interpreting sections
information, you will only be responsible for the following:
·
Epithelial
Tissue (introduction only)
·
Connective
Tissues (introduction only)
·
Muscle
Tissues
o
Skeletal
o
Cardiac
o
Smooth
·
Nervous
Tissues (introduction only)
As
you review the required material, answer the following questions. The answers
to these questions will be the basis of your grade for this section of the lab
exercise.
Questions:
An Introduction to Animal Tissues:
1.
What
are the four basic types of animal tissue?
2.
How
do tissues relate to organs?
Interpreting
Sections:
3.
Explain
how a cross section differs from a longitudinal section.
4.
If
you look only at a single cross, longitudinal or oblique section of an organ,
can you get a complete sense of what that organ looks like? Explain.
Epithelial
Tissues:
5.
What
is the significance of a basement membrane?
6.
How
do the cross sections of epithelial cells aid in classifying the different
types of these cells? Provide two examples to illustrate.
7.
Identify
the primary functions of epithelial tissue.
Connective
Tissues:
8.
How
does the composition of connective tissue differ from epithelium?
9.
Which
connective tissue has a liquid matrix? (You can either do a further
investigation of this section of this lab to find the answer, or use your
textbook.)
10.
Identify
the primary functions of connective tissue.
Muscle Tissues:
11.
What
features are common to all three types of muscle tissues?
12.
What’s
another word for muscle cells?
13.
Which
of the three muscle types appear to be striped?
14.
Which
of the three muscle types has/have cells that branch?
15.
Identify
the primary functions of muscle tissue.
Nervous Tissues:
16.
When
you stub your toe, which type of neuron would convey that information to the
brain?
17.
If
you touch a hot stove, which type of neuron would cause you to pull your hand
away from the heat?
18.
Identify
the primary function of nervous tissue.
Exercise 2: Human Body Systems Review
Protocol:
This
activity is designed to help you identify human organ systems, and describe
their functions. In addition, it will be
important to understand and describe the types of interactions among organ
systems in humans. Use your textbook and
lecture notes to fill in the chart below.
The first system has been done for you to serve as an example.
System
Structures
Function(s)
Interactions
w/ Other Systems
Circulatory
Heart, arteries, veins,
blood
Transport materials
around the body
Works with
respiratory system, as it carries O2 and CO2
between cells and lungs
Carries nutrients
from digestive system to cells
Carries hormones
from the endocrine system to the body
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Urinary
Digestive
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Male Reproductive
Female Reproductive
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