Solved by a verified expert:·
Question 1
Match the following:
o
__B__Prognostic Factor
B. Strongly associated with outcome
__G__Prospective
G. Study looking forward in time
__D__Quasi-experimental
D. No random assignment
__E__Retrospective
E. Study looking backward in time
__I__Stratification
I. Subjects assigned to non overlapping groups
__A__Case control study
A. Subjects identified based on outcome status
__H__Missclassification bias
H. Outcome or exposure classification error
__J__RCT
C. Subjects receive two or more treatments.
__C__Crossover Trial
J. Subject randomly assigned to treatment groups
__F__Washout period
F. Time when no treatment occurs
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Question 2
An investigator wants to assess
whether the use of a specific medication given to infants born prematurely is
associated with developmental delay. Fifty infants who were given the
medication and fifty comparison infants who were also born prematurely but
not given the medication will be selected for the analysis. Each infant
will undergo extensive testing at age 2 for various aspects of development.
Identify the type of study proposed and indicate its specific strengths
and weaknesses.
Type of study:
Strengths:
Weaknessess:
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Question 3
In 1940, 2,000 women working in a
factory were recruited into a study. Half of the women worked in
manufacturing and half in administrative offices. The incidence of bone
cancer through 1970 among the 1,000 women working in manufacturing was
compared with that of 1,000 women working in administrative offices.
Thirty of the women in manufacturing developed bone cancer as compared
to 9 of the women in administrative offices. This study is an example
of a:
___ __
study
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Question 4
A clinical trial is conducted to
evaluate the effectiveness of a new drug to prevent preterm delivery. A
total of n=250 pregnant women agree to participate and are randomly assigned
to receive either the new drug or a placebo and followed through the course
of pregnancy. Among 125 women receiving the new drug, 24 deliver
preterm and among 125 women receiving the placebo, 38 deliver preterm.
Construct a 95% confidence interval for the difference in proportions
of women who deliver preterm.
1.Upper Limit CI=
2.Lower Limt CI =
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Question 5
A study is designed to investigate
whether there is a difference in response to various treatments in patients
with rheumatoid arthritis. The outcome is patient’s self-reported
effect of treatment. The data are shown below. Is there a statistically
significant difference in the proportions of
patients who show improvement between treatments 1 and 2. Apply the
test at a 5% level of significance.
1.Critical value:
2.Computed statistic:
3.Based on comparing the computed
statistics to the critical value which of the following is (are) true?
a. There is significant evidence, alpha=0.05, to show that there is a
difference in the proportions of patients
who show improvement between treatments 1 and 2.
b.There is not significant evidence, alpha=0.05, to show that there is a
difference in the proportions of
patients who show improvement between treatments 1 and 2.
c. There is significant evidence, alpha=0.05, to show that
there is a no difference in the proportions of
patients who show improvement between treatments 1 and 2.
d. a and c.
Symptoms
Worsened
No
Effect
Symptoms
Improved
Total
Treatment 1
22
14
14
50
Treatment 2
14
15
21
50
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Question 6
The following data were collected
in a clinical trial to compare a new drug to a placebo for its effectiveness
in lowering total serum cholesterol. Generate a 95% confidence interval
for theproportion of all patients with total
cholesterol < 200.
1.Upper limit of CI:
2.Lower limit of CI:
3.How many patients would be
required to ensure that a 95% confidence interval has a margin of error not
exceeding 5%? n= ____314_____
New
Drug
(n=75)
Placebo
(n=75)
Total
Sample
(n=150)
Mean (SD) Total Serum
Cholesterol
185.0
(24.5)
204.3
(21.8)
194.7
(23.2)
% Patients with Total
Cholesterol < 200
78.0%
65.0%
71.5%
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Question 7
Peak expiratory flow (PEF) is a
measure of a patient’s ability to expel air from the lungs. Patients
with asthma or other respiratory conditions often have restricted PEF.
The mean PEF for children free of asthma is 306. An investigator
wants to test whether children with chronic bronchitis have restricted PEF.
A sample of 40 children with chronic bronchitis are studied and their
mean PEF is 279 with a standard deviation of 71. Is there statistical
evidence of a lower mean PEF in children with chronic bronchitis? Apply
the appropriate test at alpha=0.05.
1.Critical z value:
2.Computed
z:
3. Based on comparing the critical
z value to the computed z value which of the following is (are) true?
a.
There is statistically significant evidence at alpha=0.05 to show a lower
mean PEF in children with chronic bronchitis?
b. There is not
statistically significant evidence at alpha=0.05 to show a lower mean
PEF in children with chronic bronchitis?
c. There are not enough data
points to reach a conclusion.
d. b and c.
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Question 8
Average adult Americans are about
one inch taller, but nearly a whopping 25 pounds heavier than they were in
1960, according to a new report from the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC). The bad news, says CDC is that average BMI (body mass
index, a weight-for-height formula used to measure obesity) has increased
among adults from approximately 25 in 1960 to 28 in 2002.” Boston is
considered one of America’s healthiest cities – is the weight gain since 1960
similar in Boston? A sample of n=25 adults suggested a mean increase of
17 pounds with a standard deviation of 8.6 pounds. Is Boston
statistically significantly different in terms of weight gain since 1960?
Apply the appropriate test at a 5% level of significance.
1.Critical t value: +/-
2.Computed statistic:
3.Based on comparing the computed
statistic to the critical value which of the following is (are) true?
a.
There is significant evidence, alpha=0.05, that the BMI for Boston residents
is significantly different than 25.
b. There is not significant
evidence, alpha=0.05, that the BMI for Boston residents is significantly
different than 25.
c. Statistically speaking the
difference between the BMI for Boston residents and a BMI of 25 . is 0.
d. b and c.
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Question 9
The following table was presented
in an article summarizing a study to compare a new drug to a standard drug
and to a placebo.
1.Which, if any, baseline characteristics are
significantly different (at the 0.05 level of significance)
between treatment groups?
a. Disease Stage
b. Annual Income
c. % with Insurance
d. Age
e.
a and c
f. b and d
Characteristic*
New
Drug
Standard
Drug
Placebo
p
Age, years
45.2
(4.8)
44.9
(5.1)
42.8
(4.3)
0.5746
% Female
51%
55%
57%
0.1635
Annual Income, $000s
59.5
(14.3)
63.8
(16.9)
58.2
(13.6)
0.4635
% with Insurance
87%
65%
82%
0.0352
Disease Stage
0.0261
Stage I
35%
18%
33%
Stage II
42%
37%
47%
Stage III
23%
51%
20%
*Table entries and Mean (SD) or %
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Question 10
A randomized controlled trial is
run to evaluate the effectiveness of a new drug for asthma in children. A
total of 250 children are randomized to either the new drug or placebo (125
per group). There are 63 boys assigned to the new drug group and 58
boys assigned to the placebo. Is there a statistically significant
difference in the proportions of
boys assigned to the treatments? Apply the appropriate test at a 5%
level of significance.
1. Critical value =
2. Computed statistics =
3. Based on comparing the computed statistic to the critical
value which of the following is (are) true?
a.
There
is significant evidence, alpha=0.05, that there is a difference in the proportions of boys assigned to the
treatments.
b.
There
is not significant evidence, alpha=0.05, that there is a difference in
the proportions of boys assigned to the
treatments.
c.
Statistically
speaking the difference in the proportions of
boys assigned to the treatments is 0.
d. b
and c.
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Question 11
An investigator conducts a study
to investigate whether there is a difference in mean PEF in children with
chronic bronchitis as compared to those without. Data on PEF are
collected and summarized below. Based on the data, is there statistical
evidence of a lower mean PEF in children with chronic bronchitis as compared to
those without? Apply the two sample t test at alpha=0.05.
1.Z 95% Confidence Interval:
2.Upper Limit 95% CI:
3.Lower Limit 95% CI:
4. Based
on comparing the critical the upper and lower limits of the confidence
interval for the mean PEF for children with No Chronic Bronchitis to the mean
PEF for children With Bronchitis which of the following is (are) true. (4 points)
a. There is statistical evidence
of a lower mean PEF in children with chronic bronchitis as compared to those
without.
b. There is not statistical
evidence of a lower mean PEF in children with chronic bronchitis as compared
to those without.
c. The confidence interval
contains the mean PEF for the No Chronic Bronchitis group.
d. a and c.
Group
Number
of Children
Mean
PEF
Std
Dev PEF
Chronic Bronchitis
25
281
68
No Chronic Bronchitis
25
319
74
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Question 12
The table below summarizes
baseline characteristics on patients participating in a clinical trial.
1.Which, if any, baseline
characteristics are significantly different (at the 0.05 level of
significance) between treatment groups? (10 points)
a. Age
b. Total Cholesterol
c. Diabetes
d. % Female
e. a and b
f.
c and d
Characteristic
Placebo
(n=125)
Experimental
(n=125)
P
Mean (+SD) Age
54
+ 4.5
53
+ 4.9
0.7856
% Female
39%
52%
0.0289
% Less than High School
Education
24%
22%
0.0986
% Completing High School
37%
36%
% Completing Some College
39%
42%
Mean (+SD) Systolic
Blood Pressure
136
+ 13.8
134
+ 12.4
0.4736
Mean (+SD) Total
Cholesterol
214
+ 24.9
210
+ 23.1
0.8954
% Current Smokers
17%
15%
0.5741
% with Diabetes
8%
3%
0.0438
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Question 13
A small pilot study is conducted
to investigate the effect of a nutritional supplement on total body weight.
Six participants agree to take the nutritional supplement. To
assess its effect on body weight, weights are measured before starting the
supplementation and then after 6 weeks. The data are shown below.
Is there a significant increase in body weight following supplementation?
Use a paired t-test at a 5% level of significance.
1.df=__5___
2.Critical value:As this is a left tailed test so critical
value = -t(0.05,df = 5) = -2.015; From t-table
3.Computed statistic:As we can see that this is a paired sample
test so we need to find out the difference and the mean and standard
deviation of the differences. The differences are -2, -3, -4, 5, 1 and -1
which is giving mean = -0.6667 and sample standard deviation = 3.2660.
So test statistic = = -0.50
4.Based on comparing the computed
statistic to the critical value which of the following is (are) true?
a. There is significant evidence,
alpha=0.05, to show that body weight increased following supplementation?
b.
There is not significant evidence, alpha=0.05, to show that body weight
increased following supplementation?
c. Statistically speaking the
difference in initial weights and weights after 6 weeks is 0.
d. b and c.
Subject
Initial
Weight
Weight
after 6 Weeks
1
155
157
2
142
145
3
176
180
4
180
175
5
210
209
6
125
126
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Question 14
The graph below shows what kind of
relationship between the independent and dependent variables:
The
graph shows a positive relationship between the independent and dependent
variables.
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Question 15 (IGNORE THIS
QUESTION)
Which of the following is NOT true
concerning scatterplots?
D. The unit of measure on the X and Y axis must be the same.
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Question 16
Examine the above graphs below and
answer the following questions.
1.Which of the above graphs
indicates a negative relationship between the
graphed variables?
(Include all that are negative)
D, E and F
2.On which axis is the dependent variable
graphed?
3.Which of the above graphs
indicated the highest correlation?
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Question 17
The following data were collected
in a study relating hypertensive status measured at baseline to incident
stroke over 5 years.
1.Compute the cumulative incidence
of stroke in the study.
Cumulative Incidence =
2.Compute the cumulative incidence
of stroke in patients classified as hypertensive at baseline.
Cumulative Incidence Hypertensive
=
3.Compute the cumulative incidence
of stroke in patients free of hypertension at baseline.
Cumulative Incidence Not
Hypertensive =
4.Compute the risk difference of
stroke in patients with hypertension as compared to patients free of
hypertension.
Risk Difference =
5.Compute the relative risk of
stroke in patients with hypertension as compared to patients free of
hypertension.
Relative Risk =
6.Compute the population
attributable risk of stroke due to hypertension.
PAR =
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Question 18
The survival curve below depicts
survival times and rates for a particular cancer diagnosed at various stages
of progression.
1.At what time (to the nearest year)
does 12 year survival appear certain for Stages II cancer?
2.For Stage I cancer what is the
minimum survival time (to the nearest year)? 1 year
3.What is the median survival time
for Stage IV cancer (to the nearest year)? 1
year
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Question 19
In a 10 year study of CAD some
patients were not followed for a total of 10 years. Some suffered
events (i.e., developed coronary artery disease during the course of
follow-up) while others dropped out of the study. The following table
displays the total number of person-years of follow-up in each group.
1.Compute the incidence rate of
coronary artery disease in patients receiving the new medication.
Incidence Rate New Medication = per 1,000
person years.
2.Compute the incidence rate of
coronary artery disease in patients receiving placebo.
Incidence Rate Placebo = per 1,000 person years.
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Question 20
A small cohort study is conducted
in 13 patients with an aggressive cellular disorder linked to cancer.
The clinical courses of the patients are depicted graphically below.
1.Compute the prevalence of cancer
at 12 months.
Prevalence =
2.Compute the cumulative incidence
of cancer at 12 months.
Cumulative Incidence 12 Months =
3.Compute the incidence rate (per
month) of cancer.
Incidence Rate =
4.Compute the incidence rate (per
month) of death.
Incidence Rate =
.
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