Solved by a verified expert:Study Sheet Chapter 23 – Bio 246
Upon Completion of this chapter you should:
• Be able
to identify and describe the major gross and microscopic anatomical components
of the respiratory system and describe their functional roles in
breathing/ventilation, and the processes of external and internal respiration.
• Be able
to list and describe the general functions of the respiratory system
• Be able
to list and describe the mechanisms for pulmonary ventilation
• Be able
to list, describe and calculate the pulmonary air volumes and capacities
• Be able
to explain the mechanisms of gas exchange in lungs and tissues
• Be able
to list and explain the mechanisms of gas transport in the blood
• Be able
to explain the control mechanisms for pulmonary ventilation
Define: Internal Respiration and External Respiration.
Include
where each occurs and the directions of gas movement in each case.
Describe the location and basic structure of the nose.
What are the major nasal functions? How does the nasal mucosa help with the
functions?
Define the terms: internal nares, external nares, nasal
septum, conchae and vestibule
Where is the pharynx located?
List and describe the 3 sub-regions of the pharynx including
any major structures.
Which 2 sub-regions are shared with the digestive system and
which one is not? WHY don’t we want
food/drink in that sub-region?
Where is the larynx and why is it made of cartilage plates?
What is the opening into the larynx called? What elastic cartilage flap covers this
opening and why is it important?
What structures are housed inside the larynx and what is
their function? How do we use these
structures to change pitch? How do we
adjust volume?
Where is the trachea located and what structures does it
connect?
Describe the structural make up of the trachea and explain
why it has hyaline cartilage bands.
What is the primary function of the cilia located in the
trachea, bronchi and larynx?
Briefly describe and distinguish between the primary
bronchi, secondary bronchi & tertiary bronchi.
What are some of the changes seen in the walls and lining of
the bronchial “tree” as we move from one end to another? Think about structure and function both.
Describe the location of the lungs, the lobes that each has,
and how they fit in with the other structures in the thoracic cavity.
Name and describe the serous membranes of the lungs. Include
both layers and their function(s).
What are the Alveoli and where are they located?
Describe the Alveolar walls and explain why their wall
structure is so important to their function.
What happens between the alveoli and the pulmonary
capillaries?
List the 3 different types of cells found in alveoli and
give the functions for each cell type.
Where is the hilum for each lung? What structures are attached to the hilum
region of the lung?
What is surfactant and what does it do?
Chapter 23 page 2
What is another name for pulmonary ventilation?
Describe inhaling/inspiration. Is it active or passive? What is happening to pressure inside the
chest cavity during inspiration? What
muscles are used to expand the chest for inspiration?
Describe exhaling/expiration. When is it passive? When is it active? What muscles are used in active exhalation?
What is airway resistance and what are some factors that
influence airway resistance?
Define the gas laws (Boyles, Dalton’s, Henry’s) &
explain how each fits into the respiratory system.
What are pCO2 and pO2 and why is each of these
important? How does the partial pressure
of a gas influence the amount of that gas in solution?
What is solubility coefficient (SC)?How this influence the
methods for transporting gas in the blood?
Compare and contrast the events of external (pulmonary) and
internal (tissue) respiration.
Which gases are entering/leaving the blood in each
case? Why are pressure gradients so
important to these processes?
What roles does each of the following factors play in the
speed and ability to exchange gases?
Partial
pressure differences
Surface
area
Diffusion
distances
Solubility
and size of gas
Describe Oxygen transport: How much O2 is in plasma and how
much is in erythrocytes?
Why is most O2 carried by erythrocytes?
What factors besides pO2 influence transport of Oxygen?
Compare fetal hemoglobin binding O2 to maternal hemoglobin
binding of O2. Why is this important?
What are the three major ways CO2 is transported in the
blood?
What percent of CO2 is transported by each method?
What is the equation for Carbon dioxide —— Bicarbonate
ions?
Why do we call this a reversible reaction?
When does this reaction run from CO2 — HCO3- and when does
it run in the opposite direction?
What influences which way the reaction runs?
Fact: When CO2 levels rise in the blood so do [H+] and when
CO levels fall so do [H+]
What happens to blood pH as CO2 levels rise?
What happens to blood pH levels as CO2 levels fall?
Which results in acidosis and which in alkalosis?
What is the role of the medulla oblongata in regulating
breathing?
What two centers for breathing are located in the pons?
What does each of these centers do to affect breathing?
Which would be more important in taking a deep breath?
How does the cerebral cortex influence breathing?
What is the inflation reflex and what is it designed to prevent?
What chemicals monitored in the blood influence breathing
rates and depths?
What roles do proprioceptors, temperature and irritation of
the airways play in breathing?
Study Sheet Chapter 26 Bio 246
Human Anatomy and Physiology
Upon Completion of this chapter you should:
• Be able
to identify and describe the major gross and microscopic anatomical components
of the digestive system and explain their functional roles in digestion,
absorption, nutrition, metabolism, and excretion
• Be able
to list and describe the general functions of the digestive system
• Be able
to outline and describe the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion,
absorption, and excretion
• Be able
to describe and explain the hormonal and neural regulation of digestive
processes
• Be able
to explain the digestive system’s homeostatic integration with other systems
• Be able
to list and describe the major roles of liver
List and describe the overall functions of the digestive
system.
Define and describe:
ingestion, absorption, and defecation
What happens to food in mechanical processing?
Where does mechanical processing occur in the tract? *there
are several places
What happens to food in chemical digestion?
Where does chemical digestion occur in the tract? *there are
several places
What is the Digestive tract and what structures are included
in the digestive tract?
Define the term accessory organs.List the accessory
structures/organs for the digestive system.
Name and describe the 4 layers of the digestive tract. Include the role of each layer.
Which layers contain neural plexus structures and what does
each plexus control?
Where is the peritoneal cavity?
Define: visceral peritoneum, parietal peritoneum,
peritonitis, retroperitoneal
Describe the following: Mesentary tissue, lesser omentum,
greater omentum, falciform ligament
Define: peristalsis, sphincter, bolus, chyme, villi, and
microvilli
Describe the basic structures in the mouth and know their
functions
What digestive processes take place in the mouth?
Name the enzymes added to food in the mouth, give their
function and know where they activate.
Name the three sets of salivary glands and describe their
locations.
What materials are found in saliva and what roles does
saliva have in the digestive processes?
What stimulates and controls release of saliva?
List and describe the three phases of swallowing food.
Include if they are voluntary or involuntary.
Describe the esophagus and its role in the digestive
process.
Where are the skeletal muscle fibers and where are the
smooth muscle fibers in the esophagus?
Where is the cardiac or lower esophageal sphincter located
and what is its function?
Describe the location of the stomach.
What are the folds in the mucosa called?
What are the gastric pits?
Name the 4 types of cells are located in these pits and what each
produces
What is unique about the muscularis of the stomach and why
is that difference functionally important?
What types of physical digestion take place in the stomach?
What types of chemical digestion take place in the stomach?
What chemicals are involved and what materials are they
acting on?
Chap. 26 review page 2
Name and describe the three phases of stomach/gastric
secretion and motility.
What neural regulation is involved? What hormonal regulation is involved?
Describe the location and function of the pyloric sphincter.
Why is opening/closing of this sphincter closely regulated?
Name the hormones released from the small intestine as chyme
moves into the small intestine. What effect do these hormones have on the rate
of gastric emptying?
Name and describe the factors that affect the rate of
stomach emptying.
The Vagus nerve and gastrin have what effects on gastric
emptying?
Why is absorption of material from the stomach limited?
What materials are absorbed from stomach contents?
Fact: The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine
tissue.
What are the exocrine cells of the pancreas called?
What digestive enzymes are made in the pancreas and what
does each work on?
How do they get into the digestive tract and which specific
portion of the digestive tract do they enter?
What is the role of the sodium bicarbonate that the pancreas
secretes and why is it important?
Which nerve is involved in regulating pancreatic secretion
and what does it do?
Name the two hormones that work to control pancreatic
secretion and list what each controls.
Describe the basic locations and structures liver and gall
bladder.
What are some of the functions of the liver?
What is the hepatic portal system and why is it important?
List the major components of bile
What is bile’s primary function in the digestive tract and
where does it enter the digestive tract?
What are the 2 primary functions of the gallbladder?
What effect does removing the gallbladder have on the
ability to digest foods and why?
What nerve influences the production and release of bile?
What two hormones work to control bile production and
release?
What are the three regions of the Small Intestine (SI)?
Describe the mucosa in the SI. What do villi and microvilli do for surface
area in the SI and why is this important for small intestine function?
What is the brush border?
What are brush border enzymes and what is their role in the digestive
processes of the small intestine?
What is the pH of the intestinal juice like and why is that
important?
Compare and contrast segmentation and peristalsis in the
SI.
Which uses circular muscle and which uses longitudinal
muscle?
What nerves are important in controlling these processes and
what triggers each of these actions?
For carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids:
Name the digestive enzymes involved in digesting each type
of material and indicate if the enzymes come from the pancreas or are border
brush enzymes.
Indicate what form the material has to be in before it can
be absorbed.
Does it go into the blood stream or the lymph vessels?
Chap. 26 review page
3
How important is the SI in the process of absorption of
nutrients?
What types of movement processes are involved in absorbing
materials?
What role does the small intestine play in the absorption of
water?
How much water is absorbed daily and what percentage of
water absorption occurs in the SI?
How does absorption of fat soluble vitamins differ from
absorption of water soluble vitamins?
Name and describe the sections of the large intestine –
include what happens in each section
Describe the mucosa and muscularis layers of the large
intestine.
Define the terms haustra and the teniae coli – include what
they do.
What is mechanical digestion like in the large
intestine?
What is the gastro-colic reflex?
What is haustral churning?
How does mass peristalsis differ from “regular”
peristalsis?
When does mass peristalsis occur and why is this important?
What is the role of bacteria housed in the large intestine?
What materials are found in the feces?
What is defecation and what triggers this process?
Where are the anal sphincters located?
What type is each made of and how does this influence
control over the process of defecation?
What happens if there is not enough water absorbed in the
small and large intestines?
What are some of the consequences of this?
How about if too much water is absorbed?
Name the 3 major hormones helping to control digestion
Know where is each produced and what triggers their release
Name the organs that are targets for each of the hormones.
What does each hormone do to help in coordinating digestion?
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