see the 2 PDF and the 2 WORD DOC they have the 4 articles that you have to site them in MLA format correctly then summarize what they are talking about in one paragraph for each and that because of that I’m doing a paper about a novel and i will pic a scene from a novel that is talking about marriage so all of these sources are related to marriage as an issue or what may people face in their marriage or how to solve the problems so please read through the articles just skim them and then do the annotated bibliography i attached the rubric like how to do an abroberate annotated bibliography Record: 1Title:Marriage, mental illness and law. Authors:Sharma, Indira1 indira_06@rediffmail.comReddy, Karri Rama2Kamath, Rabindra Mukund3Source:Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 2015 Supplement2, Vol. 57, pS339-S344. 6p. Document Type:ArticleSubject Terms:*MARRIAGE law*VIOLENCE prevention*MARRIAGE*WOMEN — Legal status, laws, etc.*HINDUISM*INFORMED consent (Medical law)*MENTAL health laws*WOMEN — HealthGeographic Terms:INDIAAuthor-Supplied Keywords:Legislationmarriagemental illnessNAICS/Industry Codes:621330 Offices of Mental Health Practitioners (except Physicians)Abstract:The Special Marriage Act (SMA), 1954 and the Hindu Marriage Act (HMA), 1955 have put restrictions on the marriage of persons with mental illness, which are proving to be detrimental to patients and their families. There is an urgent need to address this problem. The deficiencies in the existing legislation have been projected and constructive suggestions have been put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Indian Journal of Psychiatry is the property of Medknow Publications & Media Pvt. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder’s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)Author Affiliations:1Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh2Manasa Hospital, Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh3Department of Psychiatry, Topiwala National Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, IndiaISSN:0019-5545DOI:10.4103/0019-5545.161502Accession Number:108714124 Persistent link to this record (Permalink):http://proxymu.wrlc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=108714124&site=ehost-live Cut and Paste:Marriage, mental illness and law. Database:Academic Search CompleteThe link information above provides a persistent link to the article you’ve requested.Persistent link to this record: Following the link above will bring you to the start of the article or citation.Cut and Paste: To place article links in an external web document, simply copy and paste the HTML above, starting with “Efficiency and stability of probabilistic assignments in marriage problems. Database:Academic Search Completethe third source Discovery of a Partner Affair and Major Depressive Episode in a Probability Sample of Married or Cohabiting AdultsAuthorsMark A. WhismanFirst published: 30 October 2015Full publication historyDOI: 10.1111/famp.12185 View/save citationCited by (CrossRef): 0 articlesCheck for updates Citation tools Funding InformationThis research was supported in part by a grant from the National Institute on Aging (grant R03AG045301).EnglishSpanish; CastilianChineseAbstractPrior research has found that humiliating marital events are associated with depression. Building on this research, the current study investigated the association between one specific humiliating marital event—discovering that one’s partner had an affair—and past-year major depressive episode (MDE) in a probability sample of married or cohabiting men and women who were at high risk for depression based on the criterion that they scored below the midpoint on a measure of marital satisfaction (N = 227). Results indicate that (i) women were more likely than men to report discovering their partner had an affair in the prior 12 months; (ii) discovering a partner affair was associated with a higher prevalence of past-year MDE and a lower level of marital adjustment; and (iii) the association between discovering a partner affair and MDE remained statistically significant when holding constant demographic variables and marital adjustment. These results support continued investigation into the impact that finding out about an affair has on the mental health of the person discovering a partner affair.
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Article
Predicting Mental Health Based on Partners’ Marital Distress: A
Latent Profile Analysis
1
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Julia F. Hammett , Donna M. Castan eda , and Emilio C. Ulloa
Abstract
The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families 2016, Vol. 24(3) 205-215
a The Author(s) 2016
Reprints and permission: sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/1066480716648685 tfj.sagepub.com
Since marital distress is a multidimensional phenomenon, research efforts directed at identifying meaningful groups
of individuals with common characteristics based on their dissatisfaction in various relationship domains are
important. In addition, it is important to examine this association not only among White majority-group couples but
also among other ethnic groups, such as Mexican American couples, who may differ in terms of cultural values and
customs. A latent profile analysis (LPA) of Caucasian and Mexican American newlyweds’ (N 1⁄4 278) self-reported
marital distress identified four such groups. These groups showed a continuum of dissatisfaction as well as varying
degrees of differences in partners’ views of traditional versus nontraditional gender roles. The classes resulting from
the LPA were related to individuals’ mental health. Those individuals who found themselves in groups with higher
distress also experienced higher levels of anxiety and depression than those individuals who found themselves in
groups with lower distress. Although more research is clearly needed among larger and more diverse samples, the
present findings may be useful to the field of marriage and family therapy in that they may guide prevention and
intervention efforts in the field of marital distress and mental health.
Keywords
marital satisfaction, mental health, anxiety, depression, latent profile analysis
Romantic relationship health is a commonly underappreciated public health aspect (Cordova et al., 2014). This is
concerning in light of consistent research findings drawing connections between marital distress and an increased
risk for other health problems, such as decreased physical and mental health (e.g.,
Whisman,2007;Whisman&Uebelacker,2006).Maritaldis- tress is a multifaceted phenomenon in that individuals may
experience dissatisfaction in certain dimensions of their rela- tionships (e.g., sexual dissatisfaction) but not others
(e.g., dis- satisfaction with nonsexual intimacy; Snyder, 1979). Thus, a nuanced understanding of groups of
individuals who experi- ence marital distress on similar dimensions and to a similar degree has important
implications on marriage and family ther- apy in that this approach has the potential to inform targeted marital
distress prevention and intervention programs.
Being in a romantic relationship in general and being mar- ried in particular has beneficial consequences for partners
across ethnic groups; however, available evidence suggests that marriage is especially highly valued among
Mexican Ameri- cans. More specifically, Mexican Americans tend to be more positive toward marriage, compared
to singlehood, than Whites, and even other Latina/o groups, such as Puerto Ricans (Oropesa, 1996). The importance
of marriage is also suggested in some of the statistics surrounding dissolution of marriage among Latinas. For
example, the median duration of first mar- riages that end in divorce is slightly higher among Latinas/os (8.1 years),
compared to Whites (7.8 years), and among Latina
women, the divorce rate for first marriages overall is lower (34%) than among White women (41%; Kreider & Ellis,
2011). Likewise, the concept of familism among Mexican Americans points to the overall centrality of family
relation- ships, including the couple relationship (Bean, Curtis, & Mar- cum,1977;Sabogal,Mar ́ın,OteroSabogal,Mar ́ın,&Perez- Stable, 1987).
Unfortunately, the mental health needs of Mexican Amer- icans, including married couples, are underserved, and
researchers point to the continuing importance of developing culturally competent therapeutic services for this group
(Bean, Perry, & Bedell, 2001; McNeill, Prieto, Ortiz, & Yamokoski, 2004). As marriage is a central and important
component in the lives of Mexican Americans, greater attention to how marital distress influences the mental health
of marriage partners is critical to investigate so that marriage and family therapists can adapt the services they
provide according to clients’ cultural and ethnic backgrounds.
1
Psychology Department, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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3
San Diego State University – Imperial Valley Campus, Calexico, CA, USA San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
Corresponding Author:
Julia F. Hammett, Psychology Department, University of California, Franz Hall 3423, 502 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
Email: juliafhammett@gmail.com
206 The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families 24(3)
The goal of this study was to identify meaningful groups of newlywed partners with common characteristics based
on their self-reported ratings of marital distress in various rela- tionship domains. In addition, each of the resulting
groups’ risk for mental health problems, including symptoms of anxi- ety and depression, was examined to validate
the latent classes and to identify those groups that were at particularly high versus low risk.
Profiles of Maritally Distressed Individuals
Marital distress may be evident in multiple dimensions of a romantic relationship and may occur to different degrees
along these dimensions. Previous research has identified a variety of components that make up overall levels of
distress, including partners’ dissatisfaction with the overall relationship; commu- nication behaviors; aggression and
violence; time spent together and apart; handling of financial matters; and sexual aspects of the relationship (Snyder,
1979). Using cluster anal- ysis, Snyder and Smith (1986) derived an empirically based classification system of
marital relationships based on a multi- dimensional self-report measure of marital interaction. The authors came up
with a five-cluster solution for both men and women: Types I and II reflect relatively nondistressed relation- ships.
These two groups were distinguished only by the fact that Type II individuals denied even minor marital difficulties
and described their marriage in unrealistically positive terms as compared to Type I individuals. Type IV and Type
V clusters for both sexes were characterized by extensive marital distress, marked by overall dissatisfaction as well
as moderate to high scores on other scales reflecting communication deficits, dis- content with the quality and
amount of leisure time together, sexual dissatisfaction, and disagreement about finances. In addition, Type V
individuals were dissatisfied with their chil- dren and childrearing in general. Finally, Type III individuals were
characterized by moderate levels of distress.
An alternative and, in the opinions of some, more advanta- geous, approach to cluster analysis, latent profile analysis
(LPA), also allows examination of multiple dimensions of dis- tress. LPA, which is a multivariate approach, is more
flexible than cluster analysis (Hagenaars & McCutcheon, 2009) and allows grouping of individuals based on
multiple variables simultaneously, thereby creating different ‘‘profiles’’ (Orpinas, Raczynski, Peters, Colman, &
Bandalos, 2014). LPA can thus be used to identify subgroups of individuals with distinct pat- terns of relationship
dissatisfaction that may serve as risk and protective factors. LPA is an exploratory method. Therefore, the number of
latent classes is not known a priori and statistical fit indices, parsimony, and interpretability of results guide the
selection of the final class solution (Orpinas et al., 2014).
Marital Distress and Mental Health
To validate the profiles resulting from LPA, it is useful to examine their association with theoretically relevant
external measures. In the present study, we compared the latent profiles
based on self-reported marital distress in various domains with self-reported symptoms of anxiety and depression.
Extensive research has documented the relationship between marital dis- tress and mental health problems, such as
depression (Gabriel, Beach, & Bodenmann, 2010; Kouros & Cummings, 2010; Whisman, 2007) and anxiety
(McLeod, 1994; Taft, Watkins, Stafford, Street, & Monson, 2011; Yoon & Zinbarg, 2007). Marital distress is also
significantly associated with seeking mental health services among those who are married (Whisman & Schonbrun,
2010). Furthermore, relationship problems pre- dict poorer therapy outcomes for those diagnosed with depres- sion
and anxiety disorders (Yoon & Zinbarg, 2007); conversely, interventions that focus on improving the quality of the
relationship can lead to improved psychological well- being in both partners and even to greater general life satisfaction, at least among women (Pihet, Bodenmann, Cina, Widmer, & Shantinath, 2007).
A growing body of longitudinally based research on marital satisfaction and mental health has focused on the
directionality of the relationship between these variables. In couples at a later stage of marriage and where one
partner has a chronic disease, higher depressive symptoms in both spouse and patient led to decreased marital
satisfaction in both partners (Pruchno, Wilson-Genderson, & Cartwright, 2009). On the other hand, a meta-analysis
of both longitudinal and cross-sectional studies that investigated the association between marital quality and
personal well-being found that the relationship was strongest between these two variables when personal well-being
was the outcome variable (Proulx, Helms, & Buehler, 2007). Other longitudinal research shows that the
directionality of effects differs by gender—women’s depression is predicted by their marital satisfaction, whereas
men’s marital satisfaction is pre- dicted by their depression (Fincham, Beach, Harold, & Osborne, 1997). At this
point of time, longitudinal studies that include cross-partner effects between marital satisfaction and mental health
are not plentiful enough to determine conclu- sively the directionality of the relationship between marital satisfaction
and mental health (Proulx et al., 2007), but the preponderance of data up to now points strongly to the role of marital
quality in predicting the mental health of marriage partners. Thus, anxiety and depression were chosen as outcome
variables in the present study.
Despite the large amount of research on the relationship between marital distress and mental health among married
couples, little of this research includes a focus on diverse sam- ples, such as Latinas/os in general or Mexican
Americans in particular. Nonetheless, the few available studies that investi- gate this relationship among Mexican
Americans tend to show similar results. For example, Santos, Bohon, and Sanchez-Sosa (1998) found that, in a
sample of Mexican immigrants, conflict in marital relationships was directly related to mental health distress.
Likewise, in a sample of immigrant Mexican women, Vega, Kolody, and Valle (1988) found that marital strain was
related to depression, although this relationship was moderated by coping skills and cognitive factors. Another study
with Mexican American women found that marital satisfaction leads
Hammett et al.
207
to lower depression levels (Saenz, Goudy, & Lorenz, 1989). Finally, Sarmiento and Cardemil (2009) demonstrated
that, in a sample of Latina/o couples from differing Latin American backgrounds, poorer family functioning was
related to greater depression among women, although this effect was moderated by acculturative stress, in that
Latinas higher in acculturative stress reported greater depression.
Mexican Americans are the largest Latina/o subgroup and they are projected to make up 30% of the U.S. population
by the year 2050 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2012). Therefore, greater investigation into how marital distress is linked to
mental health among this specific group is especially relevant and important to understand. Such research may also
contribute to development of more culturally appropriate therapeutic interventions for distressed Mexican American
couples and, thus, may have important implications for marital and fam- ily therapy.
Studying newlywed couples may be particularly informative when examining factors associated with marital distress
and mental health as newlyweds find themselves in a particularly formative period of their partnership. In the first
years of their marriage, couples are more likely to experience dramatic changes in relationship quality (e.g., Neff &
Karney, 2005). In addition, newlyweds’ behaviors and changes in their union at the onset of marriage foreshadow
long-term marital fate, which in turn may be related to other outcomes, such as part- ners’ mental health symptoms
(Huston, Caughlin, Houts, Smith, & George, 2001).
The Present Study
The main objective of the present study was to identify mean- ingful latent profiles of marital distress among
newlywed indi- viduals based on their self-reported ratings of dissatisfaction with various relationship domains. No
predictions were made about the specific number of latent classes resulting from these analyses. Rather, an
exploratory approach, concordant with the analytic strategy of LPA, was taken. A second objective was to
investigate the validity of these latent profiles by examining differences on self-reported symptoms of anxiety and
depres- sion between groups. We expected that partners in classes with overall higher levels of marital distress
would report more symptoms of anxiety and depression than partners in other groups.
Method
Participants and Procedure
Data from 139 heterosexual couples (N 1⁄4 278 individuals) were collected. Couples were recruited from the
community through media advertisements, flyers, and in-person solicita- tion in Southern California. To be eligible
for the current study, participants had to be 18 years of age or older, within the first 12 months of their first
marriage, and both partners were required to identify themselves as of the same ethnicity, either both Caucasian
American or both Mexican American. Upon
completion of an initial screening questionnaire, each partner was interviewed separately, in face-to-face, telephone,
or self- administered interviews. The average interview time was 40.92 minutes (SD 1⁄4 1.96). Participants
completed measures asses- sing a variety of dimensions related to marital distress as well as mental health. In
addition, a brief demographic question- naire was administered. As incentives, participants received $25 for the
interview (for a total of $50 per couple). In the current sample, men ranged in age from 18 to 62 years (M 1⁄4 29.04,
SD 1⁄4 8.10) and women ranged in age from 19 to 60 years (M 1⁄4 27.96, SD 1⁄4 8.35). One hundred and twelve
parti- cipants (40.3%) identified as Caucasian American and 166 participants (59.7%) identified as Mexican
American.
Materials
Marital distress. The Marital Satisfaction Inventory–Revised (MSI-R; Snyder, 1997) was used to assess participants’
marital quality. The MSI-R consists of 150 True-False items (coded as 1 vs. 0) that cover different domains of
marital interaction. In addition to these domain-specific scales, the MSI-R contains two validity scales, the
Inconsistency and the Conventionalism Scales. For the purpose of the present study, these two consis- tency scales
as well as the two scales tapping into dissatisfac- tion connected to couples’ children (Dissatisfaction with Children
and Conflict over Child-Rearing) were not included because 187 participants (67.3%) indicated that they did not
have children). Thus, a total of nine MSI-R content scales were included in the analyses:
Global Distress (GDS; 22 items; a 1⁄4 .86). Measures individu- als’ overall dissatisfaction with the relationship.
Affective Communication (AFC; 13 items; a 1⁄4 .75). Evaluates the respondent’s dissatisfaction with the amount of
affection and understanding expressed by his or her partner.
Problem-Solving Communication (PSC; 19 items; a 1⁄4 .85). Assesses the couple’s general ineffectiveness in
resolving dif- ferences and measures overt discord rather than underlying feelings or estrangement.
Aggression (AGG; 10 items; a 1⁄4 .74). Assesses the level of intimidation and physical aggression experienced by
respon- dents from their partners.
Time Together (TTO; 10 items; a 1⁄4 .72). Evaluates the cou- ple’s companionship as expressed in terms of the time
they spend together in leisure activity.
Disagreement About Finances (FIN; 11 items; a 1⁄4 .72). Assesses relationship discord regarding the management of
finances.
Sexual Dissatisfaction (SEX; 13 items; a 1⁄4 .73). Reflects the respondent’s level of discontent with the frequency
and quality of intercourse and other sexual activity.
208 The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families 24(3)
Family History of Distress (FAM; 8 items; a 1⁄4 .56). Assesses the disruption of relationships within the
respondent’s family of origin.
Role Orientation (ROR; 12 items; a 1⁄4 .75). Evaluates the extent to which the respondent professes a traditional
versus nontraditional orientation toward marital and parental gender roles. The ROR is not a measure of relationship
distress per se; the potential of relationship conflict regarding marital and parental roles was thus inferred by
partners’ differences on this scale.
The MSI-R has demonstrated adequate psychometric prop- erties with Mexican American couples and shows
structural equivalence across both Mexican American and White couples (Negy & Snyder, 1997) in both English
and Spanish (Negy & Snyder, 2000). Furthermore, it has been translated into Spanish and shows utility with
Mexican as well as Mexican American samples (Negy & Snyder, 2000; Negy, Snyder, & Diaz-Loving, 2004). After
reverse scoring, all reverse-worded items in each content scale, raw scores for each individual scale were summed,
so that higher summed raw scores indicated higher dissatisfaction with the marital relationship. Then, summed
scores were converted into normalized T-scores (Snyder, 1997). For the ROR scale, the difference between partners’
ROR T-scores was calculated with higher scores indicating higher differences between partner in regard to marital
and parental gender roles. Participants’ T-scores on the nine MSI- R content scales were used in the LPA. The latent
classes resulting from the LPA were used as predictors in an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) examining mental
health symptom differences between the resulting groups.
Mental health. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inven- tory 2 (MMPI-2; Butcher, Graham, Williams, & BenPorath, 1990) was used to assess mental health. The MMPI-2 includes 15 content scales. In the current study, the
anxiety (ANX) and depression (DEP) content scales were used. The ANX scale contained 23 items (a 1⁄4 .79) and
the DEP scale contained 33 items (a 1⁄4 .82) in the present study. The ANX and DEP scales have been found to be
highly correlated with other symptom-based measures of anxiety and depres- sion (e.g., Ben-Porath, McCully, &
Almagor, 1993; Strass- berg, 1997; Whisman, Uebelacker, & Weinstock, 2004). After reverse scoring all reverseworded items in each of the two content scales, raw scores for each individual scale were summed, so that higher
summed raw scores indicated higher mental health symptoms. Then, summed scores were converted into normalized
T-scores (Butcher et al., 1990). Participants’ ANX and DEP T-scores were used as outcome variables in the
ANCOVA.
Means, SDs, and ranges for all MSI-R content scales T- scores and the ANX and DEP T-scores for the overall
sample as well as for men and women and for Caucasian Americans and Mexi …
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