Question 1. Passive transport is best described by which statement?
Being driven by osmosis, hydrostatic pressure, and diffusion
Involving receptors that can bind with substances being transported
Being capable of transporting macromolecules
Requiring energy generated by the cell
Question 2. Why is it possible for potassium to diffuse easily into and out of cells?
Potassium has a greater concentration in the ICF.
Sodium has a greater concentration in the ECF.
The resting plasma membrane is more permeable to potassium.
An excess of anions is inside the cell.
Question 3. In hypoxic injury, sodium enters the cell and causes swelling because:
The cell membrane permeability increases for sodium during periods of hypoxia.
ATP is insufficient to maintain the pump that keeps sodium out of the cell.
The lactic acid produced by the hypoxia binds with sodium in the cell.
Sodium cannot be transported to the cell membrane during hypoxia.
Question 4. Lead poisoning affects the nervous system by:
Interfering with the function of neurotransmitters
Inhibiting the production of myelin around nerves
Increasing the resting membrane potential
Altering the transport of potassium into the nerves
Question 5. During acidosis, the body compensates for the increase in serum hydrogen ions by shifting hydrogen ions into the cell in exchange for which electrolyte?
Oxygen
Sodium
Potassium
Magnesium
Question 6. Which statement is a description of the characteristics of apoptosis?
Programmed cell death of scattered, single cells
Swelling of the nucleus and cytoplasm
Unpredictable patterns of cell death
Cause of benign malignancies
Question 7. What is the sequence of steps in the development of a digestive enzyme by the pancreas cells from the initial transcription to the release from the cells?
The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the nucleus, proceeds to the ribosomes for synthesis, and is transported in secretory vesicles to the cell membrane.
The enzyme is transcribed from RNA by DNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the lysosomes for synthesis, and is transported in an encapsulated membrane to the cell membrane.
The enzyme is transcribed by the mitochondria in the nucleus, proceeds to the ribosomes for synthesis, and is transported in a cytoskeleton to the cell membrane.
The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the Golgi complex for synthesis, and is transported in the cytosol to the cell membrane.
Question 8. A muscle cell possesses which specialized function?
Movement
Conductivity
Secretion
Respiration
Question 9. Vomiting-induced metabolic alkalosis, resulting in the loss of chloride, causes:
Retained sodium to bind with the chloride
Hydrogen to move into the cell and exchange with potassium to maintain the cation balance
Retention of bicarbonate to maintain the anion balance
Hypoventilation to compensate for the metabolic alkalosis
Question 10. Causes of hyperkalemia include:
Hyperparathyroidism and malnutrition
Vomiting and diarrhea
Renal failure and Addison’s disease
Hyperaldosteronism and Cushing’s disease
Question 11. A patient who has diarrhea receives a 3% saline solution intravenously to replace the sodium and chloride lost in the stool. What effect will this fluid replacement have on cells?
Cells become hydrated.
Cells swell or burst.
Cells shrink.
Cells divide.
Question 12. The abnormal proliferation of cells in response to excessive hormonal stimulation is called:
Dysplasia
Pathologic dysplasia
Hyperplasia
Pathologic hyperplasia
Question 13. Thirst activates osmoreceptors by an increase of what in blood plasma?
Antidiuretic hormone
Aldosterone
Hydrostatic pressure
Osmotic pressure
Question 14. Which of the following is an example of compensatory hyperplasia?
Hepatic cells increase cell division after part of the liver is excised.
Skeletal muscle cells atrophy as a result of paralysis.
The heart muscle enlarges as a result of hypertension.
The size of the uterus increases during pregnancy.
Question 15. A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for the transmission of nerve impulses is the ratio between:
Intracellular and extracellular Na+
Intracellular and extracellular K+
Intracellular Na+ and extracellular K+
Intracellular K+ and extracellular Na+
Question 16. Which type of cell adaptation occurs when normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells?
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
Anaplasia
Question 17. Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades, such as caspase-mediated apoptosis and complement cascades, may be useful in designing drug therapy for which human diseases?
Cardiac and vascular disorders
Autoimmune and malignant disorders
Gastrointestinal and renal disorders
Endocrine and gastrointestinal disorders
Question 18. The fluid mosaic model explains:
How the cell membrane functions
Why our bodies appear to be solid
How tissue is differentiated
How fluid moves between the intracellular and extracellular compartments
Question 19. The cellular uptake of the nutrient cholesterol depends on which process?
Receptor-mediated exocytosis
Antiport system
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Passive transport
Question 20. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?
Cells can produce proteins.
Cells can secrete digestive enzymes.
Cells can take in and use nutrients.
Cells can synthesize fats.
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