I want these slide presentations revised and using the rubric attached
prostate_cancer_needs_revision.pptx
rubric_for_male_reproductive_presentation.pdf
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Male Reproductive System: Prostate Cancer
Student’s name:
Course code & title:
Instructor:
Institution
Date:
Epidemiology and Pathophysiology
Epidemiology
• Second most common cancer in men
• Risk increases with aging (greater in >65 years)
• Afro-American more affected than Euro-American
Pathophysiology
• Related to the male androgens testosterone and DHT
stimulation resulting in excessive growth to PIN and later to
malignancy
(Ignatavicius & Workman, 2015).
Risk factors
• Aging
• Race
• Family history
• High animal fat diet, complex carbohydrate, low fiber diet
• Vasectomy
• Exposure to toxins e.g. arsenic
• Vitamin E and omega-3 fish supplements
(Ignatavicius & Workman, 2015)
Assessment
History
• Risk factors- age, race, diet
• Urinary symptoms – frequency, nocturia, urgency, hematuria,
urinary retention, recurrent UTI’s
• Sexual symptoms – painful intercouse during ejaculation, change in
desire/function
• Previous STI- scrotal pain or swelling, penile discharge
• Pain in another location e.g pelvic bones, spine
• Recent weight loss
(Ignatavicius & Workman, 2015)
Physical assessment
• Hematuria
• Assess for pain in the pelvis, spine, ribs
• Lymph nodes assessment
• Record patient weight
• DRE- stony hard prostate with palpable irregularities
• Psychosocial assessment
(Ignatavicius & Workman, 2015)
Psychoscial assessment
•
Patient response to the diagnosis
•
Patient concerns about the disease and treatment
•
Support systems available for the client
Laboratory Assessment
•
PSA – take sample before DRE (correct for race and age)
•
Early prostate cancer antigen-2
•
Transrectal ultrasound
•
Prostate biopsy
•
Lymph node biopsy
•
Pevic and abdominal CT scan
(Ignatavicius & Workman, 2015)
Interventions
• Active surveillance – early stages of disease (regular
DRE and PSA)
• Surgical management
• Laparoscopic prostatectomy
• radical prostatectomy
• Bilateral orchiectomy
(Ignatavicius & Workman, 2015)
Perioperative care
• Preoperative management similar to ther surgical
cases
• Postoperative management – maintain hydration,
care for wounds, analgesics, prevention of
pulmonary complications, management of the
urinary catheter, monitor input/output
(Ignatavicius & Workman, 2015)
Non-Surgical Management
Radiation therapy
• External beam radiation therapy
• Internal beam radiation therapy (low dose brachytherapy)
• Hormonal therapy
• LH-RH agonists – Leuprolide, goserelin, triptorelin
• Anti-androgens – Flutamide, bicalutamide, nilutamide
• Chemotherapy – docetaxel plus prednisone or cisplatin plus
etoposide
(Ignatavicius & Workman, 2015)
Evidence-based Practice
• Research: Treatment Decision-making for Early Prostate Cancer PatientsWhat Can Nurses Do
• Irvine and Chung (2014)examined what oncology nurses could do to
support men with prostate cancer.
• Results- all the patient would need is support and information regarding
treatment. Support included information regarding treatment options
available, and the best choice for a particular stage.
• Implications in nursing practice: Oncology nurses should stay abreast
with the current guidelines of management of prostate cancer to support the
patients in treatment decision-making (Irvine & Chung 2014)
Complementary or alternative
modalities (CAM)
Dietary supplements/nutraceuticals
• Antioxidants
• Multivitamins
• Vitamin D
• Zinc
• Chinese herbal medicine
• Plant extracts
(Klempner & Bubley, 2012).
Benefits of CAM
•
Patient believes the CAM will alleviate the disease
•
Improves quality of life
•
Patient is unaware of any potential adverse effect because CAM adverts do not
address this
•
Helps patient cope with diagnosis and gives a sense of control
Risks associated with CAM
•
Variation in the dosage of the active ingredient between the adverts and the actual
product
•
The active ingredient may be entirely absent
•
Combination preparations may include pharmacological agents such as hormones
or even toxins
•
The health claims may have no supportive evidence
(Klempner & Bubley, 2012)
References
Ignatavicius, D. D., & Workman, M. L. (2015). Medical-surgical
nursing: Patient-centered collaborative care. Elsevier Health
Sciences.
Irvine, J., & Chung, S. F. (2014). Treatment Decision-making for Early
Prostate Cancer Patients-What Can Nurses Do. Nursing and Health,
2(2), 23-29.
Klempner, S. J., & Bubley, G. (2012). Complementary and alternative
medicines in prostate cancer: from bench to bedside?. The
oncologist, 17(6), 830-837.
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