Research a minimum of eight scholarly sources related to these concepts in the Ashford University Library to support your statements in the paper. The major assignment for this course is the development of your personal Integrative Personality Theory. In this paper, you will select one concept from each of the seven models covered in this course to include in your theory. Note that this is not meant to be an overview of each model, and the paper cannot focus on just one model. Rather, you are to select a specific concept from a theory in each model, and you must include one concept from each of the seven models in your final paper. Click here for examples of some of the main concepts from the Psychodynamic ModelPlease use this template to build your Integrative Theory of Personality paper. It is APA formatted already and will guide you through the needed sections. In this section, you will present the seven specific concepts identified from the seven models you think best apply to the study of personality in distinct subheadings. For each concept, identify the major personality model from which the concept was taken as well as the theorist associated with that model. Introduction: Provide a general introduction to the topic of theories of personality. Explain what you plan to cover and describe the direction your paper will take. This section will not feature a heading, and it will be approximately two to three paragraphs. Major Concepts In this section, you will present the seven specific concepts identified from the seven models you think best apply to the study of personality in distinct subheadings. For each concept, identify the major personality model from which the concept was taken as well as the theorist associated with that model. Each concept section should be approximately 4 pages. Click here for an example of how to structure your discussion of each concept.Psychodynamic Model ConceptNeurobiological Model ConceptBehavioral Model ConceptCognitive Model ConceptInterpersonal/relational Model ConceptTrait Model ConceptSelf-Psychology Model ConceptExcluded Concepts In this section, present the concepts you have chosen to exclude in your theory of personality development. Reflect on the basic assumptions that define personality and identify three specific excluded concepts from any of the theories studied in the course. For each of the excluded concepts, provide a rationale explaining the various aspects of the concept that make it unsuitable for your use and compare and contrast it with the concepts you have chosen to include. Each concept will be approximately one page.The Differences between Healthy and Unhealthy Personalities Describe the basic differences between healthy and unhealthy personality, based on the concepts that you have chosen to include and exclude from your theory. This section will be approximately one page.The Roles of Heredity, the Environment, and Epigenetics Provide your analysis of the roles heredity, the environment, and epigenetics play in the development of personality. Discuss how heredity and the environment might affect personality disorders. This section will be approximately one page.Assessment and Measurement of the Theory Reflect on the major concepts you have selected for inclusion and provide a brief description about how those concepts are measured and/or assessed. Review the assessment sections of each chapter and discuss those measures you think are most applicable and effective. This completed section will be approximately one page.Self-Reflection In this section of the paper, review the self-reflection you wrote in Week One of this class and describe how and in what ways your views have or have not changed. Analyze your Week One self-assessment using the concepts that you have included in your integrative theory and describe how your theory explains your personality. This section will be approximately one page.Provide a brief conclusion that summarizes the ideas presented in your integrative theory of personality. This section will not feature a heading and it will be approximately two to four paragraphs.Allport, G. W. (1968). The person in psychology: Selected essays. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.i will provide my previous assignment needed for the Self-Reflection part
final_paper_template.docx
sample_concept_presentation.pdf
breakdown_of_concepts.pdf
01ch_lecci_personality.pdf
08ch_lecci_personality.pdf
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Running head: INTEGRATIVE PERSONALITY THEORY
Enter Title of paper
Enter Student’s name
PSY 330
Enter Instructor’s name
Enter Date submitted
1
INTEGRATIVE PERSONALITY THEORY
2
Title of Paper
Replace the above with the title of your paper. Start the paper with a one-two paragraph
introduction. Provide a general introduction to the topic of theories of personality. Explain what you plan
to cover and describe the direction your paper will take.
Included Concepts
Psychodynamic Model
From the psychodynamic model, I have chosen to include XXX’s concept of XXX. (Examples:
Freud’s concept of the structure of personality, Freud’s concept of defense mechanisms, Jung’s concept of
the collective unconscious, Erikson’s concept of psychosocial development…) Explain the concept
briefly. Explain why you have included it. There is a sample of this in the week three assignment tab in
the left hand navigation bar.
Neurobiological Model
From the Neurobiological model, I have chosen to include XXX’s concept of XXX. (Examples:
Thomas and Chess’ classification of temperament, Eysenck’s three factor model, Pert’s concept of
neuropeptides and opiate receptors…) Explain the concept briefly. Explain why you have included it.
(Note: The above concepts are due in week three. The following concepts are to be competed for the final
submission.)
Trait Model
Ditto
Cognitive Model
Ditto
Behavioral Model
Ditto
Interpersonal Model
Ditto
Self-Psychology Model
INTEGRATIVE PERSONALITY THEORY
3
Ditto
Excluded Concepts
Concept One (replace this heading with the name of the concept you have chosen).
From the (choose one) model, I have chosen to exclude XXX’s concept of XXX. These can be
any concept with which you disagree from any of the models.
(Note: One concept is due in week three. Two more need to be added for the final submission)
Concept Two
Ditto
Concept Three
Ditto
Healthy and Unhealthy Personalities
This is a brief discussion of your theory about what contributes to the development of healthy or
unhealthy personalities.
Heredity, the Environment, and Epigenetics
This is your analysis of the roles these play in the development of personality.
Assessment and Measurement
What are the primary ways of assessing and measuring used in some of the concepts that you
have chosen to include? This section is not due until the final submission.
Self-Reflection
How have your views changed (or not changed) since the beginning of the class? Do not copy
and paste your week one paper here. Just provide a brief summary and analysis.
Provide a brief conclusion to your paper.
INTEGRATIVE PERSONALITY THEORY
4
References
(List all your references in APA format in alphabetical order. Remember that each source on this list
should be cited in the paper and each citation in the paper should be on this list. The following is a
sample of how to format your references. Refer to the Ashford Writing Center for more details.)
Bach, S., Haynes, P., & Lewis Smith, J. (2006). Online learning and teaching in higher
education [ebrary Reader version]. Retrieved from
http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ashford/Doc?id=10197006
Caplow, J. (2006). Where do I put my course materials? Quarterly Review of Distance
Education, 7(2), 165-173. Abstract retrieved from ERIC (Accession No. EJ875031)
Picciano, A. G. (2001). Distance learning: Making connections across virtual space and
time. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall
SAMPLE
From the psychodynamic model, I have chosen to include Jung’s concept of the collective
unconscious. I am including this because I believe that there are aspects to our personalities that
we cannot explain from our own experiences alone. Jung postulates that the collective
unconscious is comprised of instincts and archetypes that are not ours personally, but that we all
share as a species. Jung studied numerous cultures and spent time living among indigenous
societies in his attempt to understand the human psyche. He was also very interested in
mythology and noted that similar myths and symbols existed across cultures and time. Jung
noted that these similar “psychic processes are peculiar to any human being of any time; that is,
they have an ahistorical and an atemporal structural nature, regardless of culture” ((Iurato, 2015,
p. 64). In other words, virtually all cultures and peoples create some kind of shared religious
practice, which is often an integral part of their identities. Wars and conflicts in the Middle East
illustrate this point.
The collective unconscious cannot be understood without including a discussion of archetypes.
These are universal symbols that help us to envision and make sense of the world around us.
Jung believed that there were several archetypes that we all experience and can access and that
increasing our awareness of them will help us to better understand ourselves and live in the
world. Two important archetypes that are relevant to the study of personality are the
anima/animus and the shadow. The anima/animus represent the unconscious feminine in the
masculine and the unconscious masculine in the feminine. Jung believed that these archetypes
were always at play in our interpersonal relationship with the opposite sex in that we project our
inner feminine or masculine onto our partners and react to that projection rather than to the
person with whom we are involved. The expression and/or suppression of masculine and
feminine inside each of us play a role in the development of our personalities (Laughlin &
Tibera, 2012).
The shadow represents what is commonly referred to as our “dark side.” But it is bigger than
that. It encompasses all the things about us that we do not want to accept. Humans tend to
repress their shadow as unacceptable, but Jung says that the shadow can be a source of vibrant
creativity if acknowledged and managed. Otherwise the shadow will manage us. The shadow
can also explain healthy and unhealthy personalities. Jung says that a repressed shadow will find
ways to escape. If we can acknowledge and embrace our shadow, we can channel its energy into
creative outlets. If we deny or repress our shadow, then that energy will express itself in
unhealthy ways. So from a Jungian perspective, some of the differences between healthy and
unhealthy personalities can be explained by our ability to face, embrace, and express the
archetypes that exist in our collective unconscious.
Iurato, G. (2015). A brief comparison of the unconscious as seen by Jung and Levi-Strauss
[PDF]. Anthropology of Consciousness, 26(1), 60-107.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/anoc.12032.
Laughlin, C. D., & Tiberia, V. A. (2012). Archetypes: Toward a Jungian anthropology of
consciousness. Anthropology of Consciousness, 23(2), 127-157. doi:10.1111/j.15563537.2012.01063.x
To help you in this exercise, here is a partial list of the main theorists and concepts from the
psychodynamic model. In the Main Concepts section of your paper, you will need to include ONE
concept from this model to include.
Freud:
•
•
•
•
•
The basic Instincts—sex and aggression
Psychosexual development
Id-Ego-Superego
Conscious –preconscious –unconscious
Defense Mechanisms
Jung:
•
•
•
•
Individuation
Collective Unconscious–Archetypes
Synchronicity
Introversion and extroversion
Adler:
•
•
•
Birth order
Feelings of Inferiority
Goal directed behavior
Winnicott:
•
•
Object relations
Good enough mother
Erikson:
•
•
Psychosocial development—the Epigenetic Principle
Identity Development
Kohut:
•
Narcissism
Malan:
•
Triangle of conflict
1
The Science of Personality
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should
be able to:
• Describe the beginning of personality
psychology.
• Define personality and distinguish among
the related terms of character, trait, factor,
temperament, and mood states.
• Understand the importance of theory
construction as it is related to personality
psychology.
• Explain the importance of using scientific
methodology in the study of personality.
• Identify and describe ways to assess and
measure data and research.
• Identify and describe the tools and methods
used to collect data and conduct research.
Mike Powell/Digital Vision/Thinkstock
• Be familiar with some of the ethical issues
related to psychological testing.
Chapter Outline
Introduction
1.1 Why Study Personality? An Overview of
the Major Theories
• Theoretical Perspectives on Personality
• The Early Beginnings of Personality Theory
• Applying Science to Personality
1.2 Defining Personality
• The Stability and Change of Personality
• Personality, Temperament, Character, Traits
and Factors, and Mood States
• Culture
• Nature and Nurture
• How Related Disciplines Have Contributed to
Personality
• Defining Normal
1.3 Theory: A Way of Organizing Complex
Phenomena
• Building and Characterizing a Theory
• Testing the Theoretical Components
• Convergence of Theories: Eclecticism,
Integration, and Unification
1.4 The Scientific Method
• Research Methods
• Peer Review
1.5 Measuring and Assessing
•
•
•
•
•
Standard Error of Measure
Reliability
Validity
Ethics and Cultural Bias in Psychometrics
Tools of Assessment
Summary
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1.1 Why Study Personality? An Overview of the Major Theories
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
A judge is trying to determine whether a defendant is criminally insane. You read
about a celebrity who can’t seem to stop using drugs and getting into legal trouble
and wonder what it is about their character that leads to the repeating of such
mistakes. You wonder what makes people go out of their way to be kind or rude.
Major corporations try to identify the best leaders to hire or employees that will
stay with the company for a long time. Each of these questions (and many more)
fall within the domain of personality psychology. However, there is a lot more to
addressing these issues than simply formulating an opinion as to the answers.
Theories can be developed and scientific studies designed to test the theories and
maximize the prediction of outcomes. That is in essence the science of personality. In this chapter, the focus will be on how the scientific method is applied to the
study of personality and how it has resulted in the development of a wide range
of theoretical models.
1.1 Why Study Personality? An Overview of the Major Theories
I
n your everyday life, opportunities arise for you to consider the uniqueness of others. Sometimes you have an encounter that leaves you wondering why an individual would choose to act
kind or meanspirited. At times, we are even unsure as to the reasoning behind our own behavior. Although it is certainly rational to consider the role of situations in explaining behavior, it is
also reasonable to consider the role of the individual’s character to explain and predict important
outcomes. Indeed, of particular interest is the interaction between the situational influences and
individual differences (also known as personality). This text is dedicated to examining personality
and the important theoretical, research, and applied questions that emerge from its study.
Of course, a broad range of societal issues tend to grab
our attention, especially high-profile criminal behavior, but regardless of the topic, it is typical for societal
questions or problems to motivate the application of
personality theory to real-world issues. Christopher
Dorner, for example, was a former LA police officer
who had also served in the Navy. He allegedly gunned
down three fellow officers, apparently motivated by
revenge for grievances related to his dismissal from
the police force. After several killings and a Facebook
manifesto riddled with threats, a massive manhunt
ensued. Dorner was subsequently found, surrounded,
and killed. Fortunately, such violent responses from
disgruntled employees are relatively rare, even among
the ranks of former police officers and those with military backgrounds. Thus, it is reasonable to ask what
caused Dorner to act as he did—and can we predict
and alter such behavior?
Getty Image News/Getty Images
Christopher Dorner, former LA police
officer who gunned down fellow officers
and was subsequently killed.
Lec81110_01_c01_001-038.indd 2
This text will provide an overview of some of the major
theories of personality, along with research that in
some instances supports, and in other instances fails
5/20/15 9:18 AM
1.1 Why Study Personality? An Overview of the Major Theories
CHAPTER 1
to support, aspects of those theories. Here is an overview of some of the dominant theoretical
accounts of personality and how they might be applied to Dorner.
Theoretical Perspectives on Personality
There are seven primary schools of thought with regard to personality:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
psychodynamic
neurobiological
behavioral
cognitive/social
interpersonal/relational
trait
self-psychology (humanism/existentialism)
Each of these perspectives is covered in detail in the chapters of this text. Here, we present a brief
introduction to each view and how they might apply to the case of Christopher Dorner. For a list of
general treatment considerations for the different perspectives, see Table 1.1.
Psychodynamic Perspective
Psychodynamic theory, which was largely formulated by Sigmund Freud, suggests that we are
driven to act by instincts that are sexual and aggressive in nature. This perspective suggests that
we are constantly in conflict
with ourselves and society. The
theory posits that the rationale
for all adult action can be traced
Beyond the Text: Classic Writings
back to how we related to our
Freud had a great deal to say about psychopathology,
parents. Most importantly, the
even suggesting that seemingly benign behaviors could be
theory argues that the presence
interpreted as problematic. Read The Psychopathology of
and exact nature of our motives
Everyday Life (1901) at http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Freud
(i.e., why we act in certain ways)
/Psycho/.
is unknown to us.
Reference: Freud, S. (1901). The Psychopathology of Everyday Life. London: T. Fisher Unwin.
Was Dorner preoccupied with
acceptance by his parents? Did
he have a conflict-ridden relationship with his father, resulting
in the “transference” of blame toward other authority figures? This perspective would also assume
that Dorner would have little knowledge or insight as to the true motives behind his actions.
Neurobiological Perspective
One of the primary contributors to this perspective on personality was Hans Eysenck. He viewed
humans as biosocial animals, and he sought to link the social and biological sciences within his
theoretical framework. Eysenck suggested that the cause of behavior could be traced to brain
functions; he focused specifically on differences in brain activation. For example, he believed that
the ascending reticular activating system was the brain structure responsible for the manifestation of extraverted or introverted behavior. Significant advances in this perspective have been
achieved with the advent of high resolution imaging techniques.
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1.1 Why Study Personality? An Overview of the Major Theories
CHAPTER 1
Did Dorner have some basic brain structural or neurochemical problem that would have resulted
in the incidence of impulsive and aggressive behavior? Was Dorner biologically predisposed to
violence based on the presence of aggressive behavior in his ancestors?
Behavioral Perspective
Rooted heavily in empiricism, the behavioral perspective has been influenced by the works of John
Watson, Burrhus Skinner, John Dollard, and Neal Miller, to name a few. This perspective emphasizes the role of learning in personality; that is, it focuses on how we connect certain stimuli with
specific behavioral responses. The concept of conditioning is especially central to this perspective, and much of the research is
based on animal models (i.e., it
was assumed that basic learning
Beyond the Text: Classic Writings
principles can be applied to all
Watson wrote a classic paper that applies behaviorism
species of life).
Was Dorner reinforced for violent behavior in his upbringing
or, more recently, was he given
attention for his extreme actions?
Did he come to equate, through
conditioning, the fear he instilled
with the respect he demanded
from his colleagues?
to mental disease. Not surprisingly, he focuses largely on
behavioral manifestations, but this is an important starting
point. Read Behavior and the Concept of Mental Disease at
http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Watson/mental.htm.
Reference: Watson, J. B. (1916). Behavior and the concept
of mental disease. Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and
Scientific Methods, 13(22), 589–597.
Cognitive/Social Learning Perspective
This perspective was informed by such individuals as Albert Bandura, Julian Rotter, and George Kelly.
The cognitive perspective emphasizes how individuals uniquely perceive, interpret and recall events
in their lives, and how this can shape their character. That is, this perspective highlights the importance of how reality is constructed by an individual, rather than being determined by an objective
reality. The cognitive perspective has also been closely linked
to social learning theory, which
Beyond the Text: Classic Writings
focuses on learning through modBandura and colleagues have specifically studied how
eling (i.e., observing the behavior
aggressive behavior in children is repeated after it is modof others).
eled for someone. Modern research has largely confirmed
these findings, even for adults, and here you can read one
of the first classic publications in this area. Read one of
his papers on modeling at http://psychclassics.yorku.ca
/Bandura/bobo.htm.
Reference: Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. A. (1961). Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63(3),
575–582.
Lec81110_01_c01_001-038.indd 4
Had Dorner been exposed to
examples of violent behavior in
his own home or in popular
media, and so he simply mimicked what he saw? What was his
unique way of interpreting the
events that led up to the killings
and his own death?
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1.1 Why Study Personality? An Overview of the Major Theories
CHAPTER 1
Interpersonal/Relational Perspective
The interpersonal perspective emphasizes how interactions with others, especially dyadic interactions, drive personality. This is a departure from theories that largely focus on the individual
because the focus is on the interaction with others. This approach includes the works of Harry
Sullivan, Henry Murray, and Murray Bowen. Relationships, including relationships that may be
more artificial in nature (such as the one that a patient might have with a therapist), are the primary focus, and these theorists think that they undergird personality development.
Were Dorner’s relationships with his former colleagues marked by deviant exchanges, during
which he experienced confusing and contradictory emotions? Did he have problematic interactions with authority figures in his life?
Table 1.1: Treatment considerations for theoretical perspectives
Theoretical perspective
Approaches for treatment
Psychodynamic theory
Can conflict in parent-child relationships be used to predict who has the
greatest propensity for violent behavior as an adult? Can we intervene
with therapy in the family of origin to minimize aggressive behavior later
in life? Can making an individual aware of unconscious conflict allow
that individual to redirect aggression toward safer, more appropriate
expressions?
Neurobiological
Can the presence of neurochemical or neurostructural abnormalities be
accurately detected? Can those with such problems be identified and
treated to minimize aggressive behavior later in life?
Behavioral
Can to …
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