I have written a 12 page paper about Art History I need someone to proofread and correct any grammar mistakes. I would also like someone to fix anything that doesn’t make since as well. I need help creating a bibliography, I will attach two-word documents one being the paper and the other being the sites and book with pages that I used. I also need endnotes added into the paper. You can use up to 5 other sources as well, and list them along with the text in a bibliography. Do not use footnotes, use endnotes on an extra page not counted as part of the 12 minimum full pages required. The bibliography must be on an extra page as well. The bibliography can be a simple listing of the sources you used (author, title, publishing company or URL, and date). The endnotes should be in this simple format:Author, Title, Publishing Company, Date, Website URL (if applicable), Page Numbers minimal direct quotes and paraphrasing. If you use direct quotes, use “ “ with a number behind it to identify the proper endnote. Any abuse of excessive quoting/paraphrasing will result in a lowered grade for your paper.If you have any questions please feel free to ask me at anytime. Thank you!!
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Have you ever wanted to travel back in time? Well art allows us to rewind our time so we can have a
look into many different time periods. Going back almost 30,000 years ago would be the start of the
Paleolithic era. Not only was this the beginning of the art era, but it was also one of the most important
era of its time. This is when humans made their first works of art ever recorded in history. Though it
took them over several millenniums everything from their materials, the functions, human form and
even the techniques have evolved over time.
Analyzing artwork that has long survived its time has given archaeologist and even some historians clues
into the lives and cultures of those who lived long ago and who created the art we now view today.
Since every piece of work tells its own story, art can reveal details of the era in which it was made by
studying the evolution of each art piece. This is why art from thousands of years ago has to be arguably
the most important few eras’ in art history, as evidence by the arts ability to with stand time.
20,000 years ago in France one of the most well-known cave paintings of the prehistoric era were made
but wasn’t discovered until approximately 1940. The Lascaux was created in the Paleolithic era inside a
cave that was hidden in a hillside that overlooked a valley near Vèzére. The cave of the Lascaux was
complex to say the least with several areas inside the cave each area painted with many wildlife images.
Prehistoric people used the cave walls as their canvas to paint their animal images over, which was
smart seeing how the cave provided a safe and dry area for the art. They also used stone tools to make
small holes in the cave walls, then use tree-limbs to make a scaffolding like structure, which would
enable them to paint to the top of the cave walls. Prehistoric art was painted using materials from the
earth like charcoal and sometimes even ochre to color the images. Too apply the paint they would use
twigs, reeds, and even bristles to make brushes that they could paint with. Some art was even done in
clay but they mostly used charcoal to draw or paint their artwork. While looking at the Lascaux
historians noticed that human forms were rare for this time period, even when they had seen artwork
with human forms they had been kept simple. Prehistoric artists usually created pictures of animals such
as deer, bison, horses, and elk when drawing these animals, they would however, use what is called
composite view. Using this would show the animals side view but would show the face as well this was
mostly used when drawing animals.
Inside the Lascaux cave the paintings played a role in telling stories, showing rituals that would ensure
successful hunts, and portrayed hunting magic as well. They would tell stories of hunts that took place it
would show what had happened during those times. The study of artwork being used as a ritual to
enhance successful hunts is supported by their need of food to survive during the era. These studies
suggest that the people thought that with these drawings they could overcome their prey and bring
home food. This being the beginning of art history starts everything we know about art, some of these
cave paintings are the first pieces of artwork we have. And to think these works of art started with what
we now call simple techniques of art. Prehistoric techniques include their process of repetitive drawings
of the animals to get them shaped as they want them. It also includes plotting the form of animals
before completing the outlines, they would also wait until this was done before giving the art work some
color. All of these materials, techniques and functions would eventually make its way into the next era
of art.
The New Stone Age which is also known as the Neolithic era comes thousands of years after the
Paleolithic era, in this new era we have made new discoveries of cave paintings in Turkey. One of the
most well-known finds came from the most flourishing Neolithic cultures of its time, it’s also known as
ÇATAL HÖYÜK and the cave painting is called the Deer Hunt mural. This time period is said to be
almost like two different worlds when compared, although hunting still played its part in the economy.
During the Neolithic time we find more materials for example they used dried white plaster to paint on
instead of just cave walls, they would use a mud that had lime mixed with it to create a smooth plaster
for their drawings. They would also use their brushes not only to paint but too apply pigment to the
paintings background. During this era, we start to see regular art work describing the human form they
also give us many poses, settings and even different subjects that help form the human figure. People
from the Neolithic era used a rhythmic repetition of shapes that were basic when drawing or painting.
They also used two different views to paint humans in their art, one view was frontal and the other view
was called a profile.
Even though thousands of years had gone by only a few things about the meaning behind the art work
changed, another feature that is different from the Old Stone Age to the New Stone Age is the
techniques they used. Neolithic art gives us more work with human themes, and even more action
scenes in their paintings and drawings. They also had a central subject to their work which detailed
humans overpowering animals, not only one man but a group of men could be seen in these paintings.
Not only did the art become more detailed but over time the people started to use more materials to
make the art different which means that they had to create new techniques to fit with the new
materials. One of the new techniques for this era would be that the artists use different views when
painting or drawing, they also would paint or draw human figures more often in this era. Not only did
they add human figures to their art but they added more detail to their work as well. Using descriptive
details like; clothes, clearly defined heads, noses, chins and even hair, they would also be detailed when
it came to painting the weapons they used to hunt. The details in the techniques set these pieces apart
from those found in the Paleolithic era along with more complex materials that they used to paint on.
The mid-16th century brings us another few thousand years closer to where we are today, the New
Kingdom era is part of the Egyptian era of art. Egyptians are known for their tombs one of the best
mural paintings of that time being Tomb of Nebamun, it is also said to be one of the most well preserved
tombs to this day. This could be contributed to some of the materials they used during this era, some of
those materials would be a plaster that would smooth the surface of the canvas they choose to use.
They would also use a red pigment dust to coat a string that would end up being placed as an outline for
the plaster. Using local minerals to make pigments some of the minerals they used were carbon which
created the color black, iron oxides created reds and yellows, orpiment created a yellow, and blue with
greens were made with azurite and malachite. Making their choices for colors much wider than those of
the other two eras. Egyptians not only had several new colors to use they also introduced new ways to
describe human figures with their art work, they would overlap their figures to give you the sense of
them dancing or moving. They showed the figures playing musical instruments, people clapping to the
beat of the music, and even described some of the women as moving their heads along with the music.
Most of the art work found in the tombs functioned as a tribute to those buried in the tomb it also
represents the life style of those resting there. The paintings in or on the tombs tell a story of Nebamuns
life, while ensuring that he has a happy existence in the afterlife. Another function that the artwork
portrays is that of a religious belief of the Egyptians in the New Kingdom. This era had also brought
many new techniques mostly the use of color and the use of materials. When using paint, the Egyptians
would apply their paint one color at a time that of course was after they would let the plaster dry. They
work much slower and would be more particular with their art work, this was so they would create
accurate works of art and portray their images to their liking. One technique that is new would be that
they took minerals and added them to plants or animal based glue which in return made a medium that
was able to attach to the walls of the tombs. Egyptians would also layer the plaster they used to give the
art a subtler effect, something that had not yet been done with artwork of this era.
Now we move to Crete, Greece around 1400 BCE when one of the most famous paintings of bull-leaping
was created. This fresco was based off the Minoan ceremony of “bull-leaping” in which case young men
would do flips over the length of a bull. This ceremony was done by having young men hold a bull by its
horns while another man was vaulted across its back to the other side. Minoans would use long and
curly hair when drawing humans, they would also use lines that described the figures as self- confident
and even proud. Bull-Leaping was not only a work of art from Greece but it told a story of rituals that
went on within the era. This makes the function of the art more about rituals and less about hunting
scenes and the Egyptians funeral art.
Minoans had created new techniques much different than any from the past. They would use pigments
of different colors to describe men and women, using light skin colors for women and darker colors for
men. They also still used plaster as a surface to paint or draw on but would paint on it while it was wet.
Painting on wet plaster would cause it to be absorbed and later protecting it from fading the pigment.
Minoan artist would also use curving lines that show elasticity of moving beings in their art, hence using
them for the bull-leaping fresco. The techniques used during this era would eventually become part of
new techniques adopted by newer era’s.
Another work of art from the Greek time period would be the Achilles and Ajax Amphora this is also the
introduction to black and red figure vase painting. Artist of this vase paintings are typically referred to as
andokides painters, which also means the anonymous painter. While making these paintings artist
started to create vases made of clay and red clay, which would make pots or vases to paint. Greek artist
would paint gods on them using black and red figure techniques on both sides of the vase. The pictures
on the vases would be of men, women, heroes, children, and sometimes animals or creatures. Some of
these vases would be props for homes or theaters, these vases would describe landscapes or dramatic
pictures. Even though these tell stories they hold no contemporary events that are important to history,
most are made up events from the era.
Not only did Greek vases tell a story they could also be used for over a dozen different settings. These
pots and vases would be used to decorate a house or even a store. Pots and vases could be used for the
Greek to store, serve or even drink wine from, some used for cooling wine, while others were used to
mix wine with water. The Greek had a first when it comes to new techniques they would use fire to help
mold the vases and pots into shapes they wanted. Heating them would also turn the color of the vase,
firing the vase was a technique done in three different phases. The first phase was oxidizing, second
phase is reducing, and the third phase is reoxidizing. This is where the black and red figure technique
starts this is done by painting figures that stand out against the color of the vase, then a hundred years
later the red figure technique was invented. The red technique is opposite of the black figure this
meaning the background is painted black while the figures are left the color of the vase. This is a
technique that was very durable when it came to lasting through the years of time.
The Hellenistic period is known for its mural paintings inside homes, these are also considered a
treasure trove to historians. The Fauces of the Samnite House is an example of those treasured murals
in Italy. These paintings are known for their masonry style, describing the grid layout of the marble that
was used to paint the murals. The Samnite House is categorized in the first style of paintings, Romans
would use plaster, a trowel, marble, stucco, spatula, paint, and even glass. Using all of these they had
the materials needed to create murals that would be known as beautiful décor. The murals rarely
described human forms, the first style was more about using the paintings to decorate houses. These
paintings are unlike others because artist are using them on walls of homes and no cave walls, which is
something that wasn’t done until this time period.
Techniques used in the first style paintings are defined by colorful patches painted on walls, it also
includes stucco that molds to the wall creating three dimensional effects. A trowel was used when
applying the many layers of plaster which involved; lime, sand, and fine crushed marble mixed together
this would smooth out the plaster. Later a cloth was used to wipe over the painting for a polished finish,
before polishing the painting any wood colors would have been dissolved in wax and then added to the
art by a spatula. These techniques also included a 360-degree panorama view to make the view almost
limitless, this would then lead to the creation of the second style of paintings years later.
Although the artist still used the first style of Pompeii painting they also introduced a second style
known as the architectural style around 80 B.C.E., which was a different approach to creating murals.
The Dionysiac mystery frieze is one of the earliest examples of the second style being introduced,
scholars say that this style is similar to the antithesis used in the first style. The second style would
become one that opened limited space in a room, it also did not try to give the illusion of being elegant
marble walls. For the artist this style was all about creating a three-dimensional world using nothing but
art and a few walls. Even though we are talking about many years later these artists still used most of
the same materials from the first style. One difference from the first style is how the human form is
drawn using this style, human figures are represented as actors who are portraying the rites of
Dionysiac. This piece of art has a unique way of showing the figures interact from across the room, for
example in the painting you can see a seminude woman with a whip and she is lashing a woman who is
painted on the other wall.
Even though style one and two share some aspects they also differ in many ways as well. The second
style which was also used to decorate was also used to tell a story, in this case one of mortals interacting
with mythological creatures or figures. The room which beautifully displayed the artwork would be used
to celebrate many different occasions both for the public and in private. Another effect that made this
art function as a room to entertain guest in would be that the figures seen on the walls were life-size
and mostly three-dimensional, which I have to say would make for a very nice decoration on the wall.
With all the similarities between the two paintings they differ when it comes to their techniques, the
major difference being the second style uses a realistic feel making the painting almost threedimensional. They would make the painting seem realistic so that they could use everyday objects in
their artwork, which would make ordinary people feel as though they could relate to the artist who
created the work. Making the paintings three-dimensional is a great advancement in techniques but this
is also when artist started to really use shading and perspective when creating their work.
Thus, taking us to our third style of painting which is known as the ornate style, which was introduced
around the early first century C.E. this style was the opposite of the first style. Third style Pompeian
paintings preferred to use flat surfaces, it also reinforced the actual size of a room unlike the second
style that strived to make the room limitless. During this time period the Roman taste in art and many
other aspects of their lives would change rapidly. Paintings done using the third style no longer
attempted to make the murals seem three-dimensional, instead they would use a simple one-color
background. One of the best examples of the third style is from the fifteenth cubiculum of the Villa of
Agrippa Postumus, located in Boscotrecase, Italy. This bedroom wall is painted a solid black on the upper
half and a dark red on the bottom, it also shows a small bird figure in the middle of the painting. Romans
used the third style to also decorate walls within homes, buildings and some public places around the
town.
These painting did not usually include human form in them like the second style these paintings were
used just as decoration for the walls, which explains the simple picture of a bird and small colonnettes
that are surrounding it. The third style was created from everything that the first style was not, making
the third style the most interesting among the four. The technique of creating a painting that was similar
to a modern easel painting that would be hung on a wall is only one reason this style is interesting.
Another reason would be that an artist would use columns within the painting to divide up the walls,
which would give the room the appearance of an art gallery. The third style was often thought to
represent things that could not possibly be built in reality which is just yet another detail that set it apart
from the other styles the Romans used.
The fourth and final style is known as the intricate style which was brought to life in 50s C.E. and lasted
only until 79 C.E. when a volcano ruined the city and destroyed most of the artwork as well. One of the
surviving buildings called the House of the Vettii held a room called the Ixion room it had paintings that
represented the forth style of paintings. This last style not only introduced its own details but used
details that were from the first three styles too. From the first it used things like faux marble blocks, the
second brought the architectural scenes, and finally from the third style it used large flat surfaces.
Combined with central panel pictures creates the fourth style of paintings, which used mostly
mythological creatures to describe human forms and this in return made the subjects of the work about
the Greek myths.
Fourth style paintings were still used for decorating purposes but they also guided guest through ones’
home by leading them from room to room with the pictures on the wall. Another function of the fourth
style was said to develop somewhat of a social status among those living in the community. This was
defined by the number of paintings or murals that you had displayed in the home, the more paintings
you had the higher your status would be. So not only were the paintings art but it was a symbol of
wealth or power to the Roman people. I guess this is why they chose to combine techniques from all
three styles but also adding the technique of only focusing on the central and upper parts of the wall
they were painting. So in some aspect they advanced with some of the techniques but they also
reverted back to some old ones as well.
The Late Antiquity period was from the third and fourth centuries this was a time of changing religious
beliefs, it is also a time where a lot of art work was being done on the inside of churches and synagogues
as well. Dura-Europos, Syria is home to one of the most famous synagogue paintings called Samuel
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