Describe
the structure of the U.S. intelligence community. Is it effective? Why
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In 2004, the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) was created by the
Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004. The main purpose of the newly
created ODNI was to ensure that intelligence is communicated across all intelligence agencies
that make up the Intelligence Community. Additionally, it is the responsibility to create reports
on intelligence of matter to the President.
Last week we explored the relatively short history that the United States has of intelligence being a
key component of national security. However, even in that short history several changes have taken
place. Since the events of September 11, 2001 there has been a significant reorganization of the
intelligence leadership and capabilities at the federal level. The primary purpose of the reorganization
was to improve critical shortfalls in communication efforts and information sharing that were identified
within the 9/11 Commission Report. (U.S. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United
States, The 9/11 Commission Report (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 2004), pp. 399, 411.)
The two most notable changes that occurred were:
1.
2.
The Homeland Security Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-296), which formally created the Department of
Homeland Security (DHS); and (U.S. Congress. House of Representatives. Select Committee
on Homeland Security. Homeland Security Act of 2002, 107th Cong., 2d sess., 2002. HR Rep.
107-609, pt. 1.)
The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (P.L 108-458), which created
the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) (Intelligence Authorization Act for
Fiscal Year 2003, Public Law 107–306, 107th Congress (November 27, 2002).
Prior to these events there was not a cabinet level department that had specific responsibility to unify
and execute all homeland security initiatives and the director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
was the U.S director of intelligence. With the passages of these two acts DHS is now charged with
safeguarding the country against acts of terrorism and the director of ODNI serves as the director of
national intelligence (DNI).
INTELLIGENCE TIMELINE
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1947-2004: CIA Director is U.S. Director of Intel
events of 2001
9/11 Report
HLSAct 2002
DHS Opens its Doors (2003)
Intel Act 2003
ODNI established
Lead of ODNI is DNI
Currently in the United States, the intelligence community (IC) is comprised of 17 entities, including
ODNI who is the lead for all of the IC and ensures seamless intelligence integration.
Each of the 16 organizations function under their own directives; however, they also collectively work
together to ensure the security of the country. (An Overview of the United States Intelligence
Community for the 111th Congress (2009), http://www.dni.gov/overview.pdf)
The following descriptions of the IC are based on direct excerpts from the Office of the Director of
National Intelligence’s webpage.
Office of the Director of National Intelligence
The Director of National Intelligence serves as the head of the Intelligence Community, overseeing
and directing the implementation of the National Intelligence Program and acting as the principal
advisor to the President, the National Security Council, and the Homeland Security Council for
intelligence matters related to national security.
Working together with the Principal Deputy DNI and with the assistance of Mission Managers and
Deputy Directors, the Office of the DNI’s goal is to effectively integrate foreign, military and domestic
intelligence in defense of the homeland and of United States interests abroad.
With this goal in mind, Congress provided the DNI with a number of authorities and duties, as outlined
in the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 including to:
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Ensure that timely and objective national intelligence is provided to the President, the heads of
departments and agencies of the executive branch; the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
and senior military commanders; and the Congress.
Establish objectives and priorities for collection, analysis, production, and dissemination of
national intelligence.
Ensure maximum availability of and access to intelligence information within the Intelligence
Community.
Develop and ensure the execution of an annual budget for the National Intelligence program
based on budget proposals provided by IC component organizations.
Oversee coordination of relationships with the intelligence or security services of foreign
governments and international organizations.
Ensure the most accurate analysis of intelligence is derived from all sources to support
national security needs.
Develop personnel policies and programs to enhance the capacity for joint operations and to
facilitate staffing of community management functions.
Oversee the development and implementation of a program management plan for acquisition of major
systems, doing so jointly with the Secretary of Defense for DOD programs, that includes cost,
schedule, and performance goals and program milestone criteria.
Air force Intelligence
The U.S. Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (USAF ISR) Enterprise is America’s
leading provider of finished intelligence derived from airborne, space, and cyberspace sensors. The
USAF ISR Enterprise delivers decision advantage in order to enable commanders to achieve kinetic
and non-kinetic effects on targets anywhere on the globe in support of national, strategic, operational,
and tactical requirements. The AF/A2 is the USAF’s Senior Intelligence Officer and is responsible for
functional management of all Air Force global integrated ISR capabilities, including oversight of
planning, programming, and budgeting; developing and implementing the Air Force policies and
guidance for managing Air Force global integrated ISR activities; and professional development,
training, education, readiness, and deployment of 50,000 military and civilian United States Air Force
intelligence personnel.
Army Intelligence
U.S. Army Intelligence (G-2) is responsible for policy formulation, planning, programming, budgeting,
management, staff supervision, evaluation, and oversight for intelligence activities for the Department
of the Army. The G-2 is responsible for the overall coordination of the five major military intelligence
(MI) disciplines within the Army: Imagery Intelligence, Signals Intelligence, Human Intelligence,
Measurement and Signature Intelligence, and Counterintelligence and Security Countermeasures.
Central Intelligence Agency
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is responsible for providing national security intelligence to
senior U.S. policymakers. The CIA director is nominated by the president and confirmed by the
Senate. The director manages the operations, personnel and budget of the CIA and acts as the
National Human Source Intelligence manager. The CIA is separated into four basic components: the
National Clandestine Service, the Directorate of Intelligence, the Directorate of Science & Technology,
and the Directorate of Support. They carry out “the intelligence cycle,” the process of collecting,
analyzing, and disseminating intelligence information to top U.S. government officials.
Coast Guard Intelligence
The Coast Guard’s broad responsibilities include protecting citizens from the sea (maritime safety),
protecting America from threats delivered by the sea (maritime security), and protecting the sea itself
(maritime stewardship). The Coast Guard’s persistent presence in the maritime domain, due to its
diverse mission sets and broad legal authorities, allows it to fill a unique niche within the Intelligence
Community. Because of its unique access, emphasis, and expertise in the maritime domain Coast
Guard Intelligence can collect and report intelligence that not only supports Coast Guard missions, but
also supports national objectives. Coast Guard Intelligence strives to create decision advantage to
advance U.S. interests by providing timely, actionable, and relevant intelligence to shape Coast Guard
operations, planning, and decision-making, and to support national and homeland security intelligence
requirements.
The Coast Guard became a member of the Intelligence Community Dec. 28, 2001.
Defense Intelligence Agency
The Defense Intelligence Agency is a Department of Defense combat support agency. With more than
16,500 military and civilian employees worldwide, DIA is a major producer and manager of foreign
military intelligence and provides military intelligence to warfighters, defense policymakers and force
planners, in the DOD and the Intelligence Community, in support of U.S. military planning and
operations and weapon systems acquisition. The DIA director serves as principal adviser to the
secretary of defense and to the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on matters of military intelligence.
The director also chairs the Military Intelligence Board, which coordinates activities of the defense
intelligence community.
Department of Energy
The U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence is responsible for the
intelligence and counterintelligence activities throughout the DOE complex, including nearly 30
intelligence and counterintelligence offices nationwide. The mission is to protect, enable, and
represent the vast scientific brain trust resident in DOE’s laboratories and plants. The office protects
vital national security information and technologies, representing intellectual property of incalculable
value, and provides unmatched scientific and technical expertise to the U.S. government to respond to
foreign intelligence, terrorist and cyber threats, to solve the hardest problems associated with U.S.
energy security, and to address a wide range of other national security issues.
Department of Homeland Security
The Office of Intelligence and Analysis is responsible for using information and intelligence from
multiple sources to identify and assess current and future threats to the U.S. DHS Intelligence focuses
on four strategic areas: Promote understanding of threats through intelligence analysis; Collect
information and intelligence pertinent to homeland security; Share information necessary for action;
and Manage intelligence for the homeland security enterprise. The Under Secretary for I&A also serves
as DHS’ chief intelligence officer and is responsible to both the secretary of Homeland Security and the
director of National Intelligence.
Department of State
The Bureau of Intelligence and Research provides the Secretary of State with timely, objective
analysis of global developments as well as real-time insights from all-source intelligence. It serves as
the focal point within the Department of State for all policy issues and activities involving the
Intelligence Community. The INR Assistant Secretary reports directly to the Secretary of State and
serves as the Secretary’s principal adviser on all intelligence matters. INR’s expert, independent
foreign affairs analysts draw on all-source intelligence, diplomatic reporting, INR’s public opinion
polling, and interaction with U.S. and foreign scholars. Their strong regional and functional
backgrounds allow them to respond rapidly to changing policy priorities and to provide early warning
and in-depth analysis of events and trends that affect U.S. foreign policy and national security
interests.
Department of the Treasury
The Office of Intelligence and Analysis was established by the Intelligence Authorization Act for fiscal
2004. OIA is responsible for the receipt, analysis, collation, and dissemination of foreign intelligence
and foreign counterintelligence information related to the operation and responsibilities of the
Department of the Treasury. OIA is a component of the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of
Terrorism and Financial Intelligence (TFI). TFI marshals the Department’s intelligence and
enforcement functions with the twin aims of safeguarding the financial system against illicit use and
combating rogue nations, terrorist facilitators, weapons of mass destruction proliferators, money
launderers, drug kingpins, and other national security threats.
Drug Enforcement Administration
The Drug Enforcement Administration is responsible for enforcing the controlled substance laws and
regulations of the United States. DEA’s Office of National Security Intelligence (ONSI) became a
member of the IC in 2006. ONSI facilitates full and appropriate intelligence coordination and
information sharing with other members of the U.S. Intelligence Community and homeland security
elements. Its goal is to enhance the U.S.’s efforts to reduce the supply of drugs, protect national
security, and combat global terrorism. DEA has 21 field divisions in the U.S. and more than 80 offices
in more than 60 countries worldwide.
Federal Bureau of Investigation
The FBI, as an intelligence and law enforcement agency, is responsible for understanding threats to
our national security and penetrating national and transnational networks that have a desire and
capability to harm the U.S. The National Security Branch was established in response to a presidential
directive and Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission recommendation to establish a National
Security Service that combines the missions, capabilities, and resources of the FBI’s counterterrorism,
counterintelligence, and intelligence elements under the leadership of a senior FBI official. In July
2006, the NSB created the WMD Directorate to integrate components previously distributed
throughout the FBI. The NSB also includes the Terrorist Screening Center, which provides crucial,
actionable intelligence to state and local law enforcement, and the High-Value Detainee Interrogation
Group, an interagency body that collects intelligence from key terror suspects to prevent attacks
against the U.S. and its allies.
Marine Corps Intelligence
The U.S. Marine Corps produces tactical and operational intelligence for battlefield support. Its IC
component is comprised of all intelligence professionals in the Marine Corps responsible for policy,
plans, programming, budgets, and staff supervision of intelligence and supporting activities within the
USMC. The department supports the commandant of the Marine Corps in his role as a member of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff, represents the service in Joint and Intelligence Community matters, and
exercises supervision over the Marine Corps Intelligence Activity. The department has service staff
responsibility for geospatial intelligence, advanced geospatial intelligence, signals intelligence, human
intelligence, counterintelligence, and ensures there is a single synchronized strategy for the
development of the Marine Corps Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Enterprise. The
Marine Corps’ director of intelligence is the commandant’s principal intelligence staff officer and the
functional manager for intelligence, counterintelligence, and cryptologic matters.
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency provides timely, relevant, and accurate geospatial
intelligence in support of national security objectives. Information collected and processed by NGA is
tailored for customer-specific solutions. By giving customers ready access to geospatial intelligence,
NGA provides support to civilian and military leaders and contributes to the state of readiness of U.S.
military forces. NGA also contributes to humanitarian efforts such as tracking floods and fires, and in
peacekeeping. NGA is a Department of Defense Combat Support Agency. Headquartered in
Springfield, Va., NGA operates major facilities in the St. Louis, Mo. and Washington, D.C. areas. The
agency also fields support teams worldwide.
National Reconnaissance Office
The National Reconnaissance Office designs, builds and operates the nation’s reconnaissance
satellites. NRO products, provided to an expanding list of customers like the Central Intelligence
Agency and the Department of Defense, can warn of potential trouble spots around the world, help
plan military operations, and monitor the environment. As part of the Intelligence Community, the
NRO plays a primary role in achieving information superiority for the U.S. Government and Armed
Forces. A DOD agency, the NRO is staffed by DOD and CIA personnel. It is funded through the
National Reconnaissance Program, part of the National Foreign Intelligence Program.
National Security Agency/Central Security Agency
The National Security Agency/Central Security Service is the nation’s cryptologic organization that
coordinates, directs, and performs highly specialized activities to protect U.S. information systems and
to produce foreign signals intelligence information. A high-technology organization, NSA is at the
forefront of communications and information technology. NSA is also one of the most important
centers of foreign language analysis and research within the U.S. government and is said to be the
largest employer of mathematicians in the United States and perhaps the world. Founded in 1952,
NSA is part of the Department of Defense and a member of the U.S. Intelligence Community. The
Agency supports military customers, national policymakers, and the counterterrorism and
counterintelligence communities, as well as key international allies. Its workforce represents an
unusual combination of specialties: analysts, engineers, physicists, mathematicians, linguists,
computer scientists, researchers, as well as customer relations specialists, security officers, data flow
experts, managers, administrative officers and clerical assistants.
Navy Intelligence
The Office of Naval Intelligence is the leading provider of maritime intelligence to the U.S. Navy and
joint warfighting forces, as well national decision makers and other consumers in the Intelligence
Community. Established in 1882, ONI specializes in the analysis, production and dissemination of vital,
timely and accurate scientific, technical, geopolitical and military intelligence information to key
consumers worldwide. ONI employs more than 3,000 military, civilian, mobilized reservists and
contractor personnel worldwide, including analysts, scientists, engineers, specialists and technicians.
While ONI is the largest Naval Intelligence organization with the largest concentration of Naval
Intelligence civilians, most of Naval Intelligence is comprises active duty military personnel, serving
throughout the world.
Conclusion
Unlike some other nations, the U.S. does not have a dedicated domestic intelligence agency, however
the design of the IC helps to ensure that information sharing occurs.
…
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